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11 results for “Urban runoff”
Long-term monitoring of stormwater runoff and water quality in urbanized watersheds of the greater Phoenix metropolitan area, ongoing since 2008
Urbanization alters dramatically watershed ecosystem processes. Land-use change and anthropogenic activities contribute to increased inputs of nutrients and other materials, while changes to land cover alter hydrology and the corresponding movement of materials. These changes have ramifications for both watershed processes and downstream systems. The impacts of urbanization on aquatic systems are well-studied, and frequently encapsulated in the ‘urban stream syndrome’ (Walsh et al. 2005) that describes, among others, increased nutrient loading and stream flashiness. However, there is some evidence that aridland cities behave differently (Grimm et al. 2004, 2005), and the complex dynamics among catchment characteristics, storm attributes, and runoff in highly urbanized settings of the arid Southwest remains poorly understood. To enhance our understanding of stormwater dynamics and watershed functioning in aridland, urban environments, the Central Arizona–Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research (CAP LTER) program began monitoring stormwater runoff at the outflow of the Indian Bend Wash (IBW) in 2008. The IBW is a tributary to the Salt River in central Arizona, and is a major drainage within the greater Phoenix metropolitan area, encompassing much of the City of Scottsdale. A model of soft engineering, the IBW as it runs through much of the City of Scottsdale is comprised largely of a series of artificial lakes, parks, paths, golf courses, ball fields, and other non-structural elements designed with the dual roles of providing outdoor amenities to the City residents while serving as an effective flood water conveyance feature. A unique biogeochemistry of this novel system is detailed by Roach et al. (2008), and Roach and Grimm (2011). Stormwater sampling is conducted at numerous locations. The longest running sampling location is near the outflow of the IBW ~0.6 km above its confluence with the Salt River. The sampling location coincides with a permanent USGS gauging sta
Stormwater Nitrogen in Arizona (SNAZ): runoff and stormwater-mediated export from urbanized catchments within the greater Phoenix metropolitan area, Arizona, USA (2010-2012)
Urbanization alters dramatically watershed ecosystem processes. Land-use change and anthropogenic activities contribute to increased inputs of nutrients and other materials, while changes to land cover alter hydrology and the corresponding movement of materials. These changes have ramifications for both watershed processes and downstream systems. The impacts of urbanization on aquatic systems are well-studied, and frequently encapsulated in the ‘urban stream syndrome’ (Walsh et al. 2005) that describes, among others, increased nutrient loading and stream flashiness. However, there is some evidence that aridland cities behave differently (Grimm et al. 2004, 2005), and the complex dynamics among catchment characteristics, storm attributes, and runoff in highly urbanized settings of the arid Southwest remains poorly understood. To enhance our understanding of stormwater dynamics and watershed functioning in aridland, urban environments, the Central Arizona–Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research (CAP LTER) program began monitoring stormwater runoff at the outflow of the Indian Bend Wash (IBW) in 2008. The IBW is a tributary to the Salt River in central Arizona, and is a major drainage within the greater Phoenix metropolitan area, encompassing much of the City of Scottsdale. A model of soft engineering, the IBW as it runs through much of the City of Scottsdale is comprised largely of a series of artificial lakes, parks, paths, golf courses, ball fields, and other non-structural elements designed with the dual roles of providing outdoor amenities to the City residents while serving as an effective flood water conveyance feature. A unique biogeochemistry of this novel system is detailed by Roach et al. (2008), and Roach and Grimm (2011). Data and expertise garnered by stormwater monitoring near the outflow of the IBW helped pave the way for a more expansive stormwater research effort facilitated by a leveraged grant from the National Science Foundation (DEB-0918457, NSF Eco
Data sets used for: Urban runoff velocity measurement with consumer-grade surveillance cameras and surface structure image velocimetry
<p>Original videos and reference bulk velocity and water depth data sets used to develop the study: <em>Urban runoff velocity measurement with consumer-grade surveillance cameras and surface structure image velocimetry.</em></p> <p>The reference bulk velocity and water depth data sets were obtained with the Nivus OFR Radar and Nivus NivuCompact sensors, respectively.</p>
WASHTREET. Runoff velocity data using different Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) techniques in a full scale urban drainage physical model
<p><strong>WASHTREET - Runoff velocity data using different Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) techniques in a full scale urban drainage physical model.</strong></p> <p>This dataset contains raw data and runoff velocities results obtained using seeded and unseeded Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) techniques in an urban drainage physical model, which is placed in the Hydraulic Laboratory of the Centre for Technological Innovation in Construction and Civil Engineering (CITEEC) at the University of A Coruña (Spain). The objective of this work is to obtain an accurate representation of the surface velocity distribution as part of the <a href="https://zenodo.org/communities/washtreet">WASHTREET project</a>, where a series of high-resolution experiments were performed measuring urban surface wash-off and sediment transport through gully pots and pipes under laboratory-controlled conditions. The experimental facility is a 36 m<sup>2</sup> full-scale street section and consists of a rainfall simulator placed over a concrete street surface with two gully pots that drain runoff into an underground pipe system. The dataset was used in the work developed in Naves et al. (2019) (DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.05.003">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.05.003</a>).</p> <p>A detailed description of experimental setup, procedure, postprocessing and results can be consulted in ‘<em>1_TestsDescription.pdf’. </em>4K resolution and 25 fps raw videos from which frames are extracted for the PIV analysis are provided for each experiment performed in separated zip files (named as <em>‘2.</em>(test ID)<em>_RawVideos_</em>(configuration)<em>.zip’</em>). Experiments includes three different steady rainfalls of 30, 50 and 80 mm/h of rain intensity and were recorded with and without added fluorescent traces. Data to orthorectify frames from videos are provided in ‘<em>3_SpatialCalibration.zip</em>’. In addition, 60 seconds of steady conditions are extracted for each test and the frames are processed to obtain velocities from a PIV analysis. ‘<em>4_ProcessedFrames_SteadyFlow.zip’ </em>includes the 1500 rectified and processed frames for each experiment to perform the PIV analysis. Results of runoff velocity distributions are included in ‘<em>5_VelocityResults.zip’</em>.</p> <p>Further details of the rainfall simulator, physical model geometry and more hydraulic and sediment transport results can be consulted in <a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3233918"><em>WASHTREET hydraulic, wash-off and sediment transport experimental data</em></a>. In addition, data regarding the use of photogrammetry to obtain the elevation map of this physical model is included in <a href="http://www.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3241337">WASHTREET Structure from Motion data</a>.</p> <p>The WASHTREET project is being developed in the scope of the PhD thesis of the first author, which is in receipt of a Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities predoctoral grant [FPU14/01778]. The project also receive funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities under POREDRAIN project RTI2018-094217-B-C33 (MINECO/FEDER-EU)</p> <p>Derived publications:</p> <ul> <li>Naves, J., Anta, J., Puertas, J., Regueiro-Picallo, M., & Suárez, J. (2019). Using a 2D shallow water model to assess Large-Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV) and Structure from Motion (SfM) techniques in a street-scale urban drainage physical model. <em>Journal of Hydrology</em>, <em>575</em>, 54-65. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.05.003">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.05.003</a></li> <li>Naves, J., Anta, J., Suárez, J., & Puertas, J. (2020). Hydraulic, wash-off and sediment transport experiments in a full-scale urban drainage physical model. <em>Scientific Data</em>, <em>7</em>(1), 1-13. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0384-z">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0384-z</a></li> <li>Naves, J., García, J. T., Puertas, J., & Anta, J. (2021). Assessing different imaging velocimetry techniques to measure shallow runoff velocities during rain events using an urban drainage physical model. <em>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences</em>, <em>25</em>(2), 885-900. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-885-2021">https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-885-2021</a> </li> </ul>
Urban storm runoff study conducted in the central Arizona-Phoenix area: study site locations
Flood is the other major disturbance on which CAP LTER will focus. In collaboration with the USGS, we have begun a study to examine the transport of materials from urban patches to waterways during the intense, localized storms that characterize this region. Their existing data, plus new studies initiated in summer 1998, will form the basis for comparison of urban, suburban, and desert catchments in terms of their yields of nutrients, organic carbon, and metals.
Urban storm runoff study conducted in the central Arizona-Phoenix area: period June 1998
Flood is the other major disturbance on which CAP LTER will focus. In collaboration with the USGS, we have begun a study to examine the transport of materials from urban patches to waterways during the intense, localized storms that characterize this region. Their existing data, plus new studies initiated in summer 1998, will form the basis for comparison of urban, suburban, and desert catchments in terms of their yields of nutrients, organic carbon, and metals.
Rainfall-runoff data from an urban catchment in Luleå, Sweden.
<p>Description and map of the catchment:<br> Broekhuizen, Ico, Günther Leonhardt, Jiri Marsalek, and Maria Viklander. “Event Selection and Two-Stage Approach for Calibrating Models of Green Urban Drainage Systems.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 2 (February 26, 2020): 869–85. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-869-2020.</p> <p>Rain gauge: Geonor T200B weighing bucket . Alter-type wind shield.</p> <p>Flow gauge: Teledyne ISCO 2150 Area-Velocity: acoustic Doppler for flow velocity, pressure transducer for water level.</p> <p>Additional information on field calibration checks of the rain gauge and laboratory testing of the same type of flow sensor:<br> Broekhuizen, Ico. “Uncertainties in Rainfall-Runoff Modelling of Green Urban Drainage Systems: Measurements, Data Selection and Model Structure.” Licentiate thesis, Luleå University of Technology, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-73367.</p> <p>Notes:<br> - The observations in this data set cover the snow-free parts of 2016-2019.<br> - For flow data, only observations >= 1 l/s are provided.</p> <p> </p> <p>The authors would like to thank Helen Galfi, Ralf Rentz and Karolina Berggren for their work in the initial setup and maintenance of the field measurements.</p>
Urban runoff and stream channel incision interact to influence riparian soils and understory vegetation
<p>Riparian soil processes and vegetation are sensitive to water availability. Urbanization can alter riparian water availability by modifying stream flows and stream channel morphology. In cities, runoff from impervious surfaces tends to increase stormflow magnitudes, causing stream channels to incise, or downcut. This change in channel morphology has been linked to lowered water tables and drier conditions in temperate urban riparian zones, leading to shifts in riparian nitrogen (N) cycling and vegetation communities. In Mediterranean climates with distinct wet and dry periods, there is an additional dynamic to consider: runoff from urban water use can cause streams to flow when they would otherwise be dry. This dry-season stream flow could create increased, rather than decreased, water availability in urban riparian zones. However, channel incision may counteract this effect. We asked whether dry-season stream flow interacted with channel incision to influence riparian soil characteristics and understory vegetation along streams in Sacramento, California, which has a Mediterranean climate with an intense summer dry season. At 40 stream reaches that varied by severity of downcutting and presence of dry-season flow, we sampled soils and vegetation on top of stream banks and at the margin of the low-flow channel, an important location for nutrient cycling in dry climates. We measured soil moisture, organic matter, and ∂15N, as well as total and perennial understory vegetation cover. We found that channel characteristics associated with incision limited the influence of dry-season stream flow on soil moisture, and this interaction appears to have lasting effects on soil organic matter and perennial vegetation on bank tops. At the stream margin, channel downcutting was associated with reduced soil organic matter and vegetation cover, while dry-season flow was associated with increased vegetation cover. Values of soil ∂15N pointed to limited hydrologic linkage between stream flows and riparian bank soils along incised streams. Our findings suggest that channel incision could limit the ability of urban riparian ecosystems to mitigate low-flow water quality. However, where streams are not incised in Mediterranean climates, dry-season flows from urban runoff may actually increase riparian productivity and N cycling above historical levels. </p>
Data for: Impacts of urbanization on chloride and stream invertebrates: a 10-year citizen science field study of road salt in stormwater runoff
<p><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The use of deicing agents during the winter months is one of many stressors that impact stream ecosystems in urban and urbanizing watersheds. In this study, a long-term dataset collected by citizen scientists with the Missouri Stream Team was used to evaluate the relationships between watershed urbanization metrics and chloride metrics. Further, these data were used to explore effects of elevated chloride concentrations on stream invertebrate communities using quantile regression. While the amount of road surface in a watershed was a dominant factor in predicting the maximum chloride measurement, the median chloride concentration was also strongly related to the amount of medium-to-high density development in the watershed, suggesting that non-municipal salt use is an important contributor to increases in baseflow chloride concentrations. Additionally, chloride concentration appears to be one of the many factors that impact invertebrate density and diversity measurements, with decreases in invertebrate diversity corresponding with the U.S. EPA water quality criteria. Our findings suggest that the use of chloride-based road salt on municipal roads as well as in non-municipal settings is contributing to a loss of diversity and density of aquatic invertebrate communities in urban regions.</p>
The formation process, mechanism, and attribution of urban impervious surface thermal runoff
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Urban runoff and stream channel incision interact to influence riparian soils and understory vegetation
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