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Figures 142–145 in The genus Vachoniolus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman

Figures 142–145: Habitats of Vachoniolus species in Oman. 142. Al Abyad dune field, Acacia woodland, 10–15 km W of Barka on Batinah coastal plain, type locality of V. batinahensis, sp. nov. 143. Sandy plains of central Oman, Wadi Andam, typical habitat of V. gallagheri, sp. nov. 144. Ramlat al Wahiba (Wahiba Sands), region of high sands (Al Hibal), habitat of Vachoniolus sp., provisionally classified as V. globimanus. 145. Ramlat as Sahmah, dunes of the Rub' al-Khali (Empty Quarter), habitat of V. globimanus.

Figures 124–135 in The genus Vachoniolus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman

Figures 124–135: Tarsal spine combs of early juvenile instars of other buthids with adult tarsal bristle combs. 124–129: Apistobuthus pterygocercus Finnegan, 1932, juvenile female, carapace length 2.75 mm (Wahiba Sands); 130–135: Odontobuthus brevidigitus Lowe, 2010, juvenile paratype male, carapace length 2.31 mm (Seeb). 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134: UV epifluorescence; 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135: visible light trans-illumination; 124–125, 130–131: leg I; 126–127, 132–133: leg II; 128–129, 134–135: leg III. Retrolateral aspect of right leg in all figures. Scale bars: 1 mm (A. pterygocercus), 0.5 mm (O. brevidigitus).

Figures 106–111 in The genus Vachoniolus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman

Figures 106–111: Graphical illustration of variation in selected morphometric ratios of Vachoniolus. 106. Scatter plot of male variation in slenderness of metasoma I and relative length of pectine (metasoma I L/W vs. pectine L/ carapace L). 107. Scatter plot of variation in relative length of metasoma IV and slenderness of telson (metasoma IV L/ carapace L vs. telson L/W). 108. Scatter plot of male variation in slenderness of metasoma IV and relative proportion of pedipalp chela fixed finger (metasoma IV L/W vs. pedipalp chela fixed finger L/ manus L). 109. Scatter plot of male variation in slenderness of metasoma V and pedipalp femur (metasoma v L/W vs. pedipalp femur L/W). 110. Scatter plot of male variation in slenderness of pedipalp femur and patella (pedipalp femur L/W vs. pedipalp patella L/W). 111. Histogram plots showing distributions of the trichobothrial distance ratio (d5–e2)/(e2–e1) (data from both sexes). Vertical line is crossover point for d5 relative to e2. Note: each histogram bar represents the number of cases with ratio ≤ right abscissa tick mark; for V. globimanus, all data ≤ 0 are actually equal to 0 (i.e. no cases of d5 proximal to e2). The ratio distribution of V. batinahensis was significantly different from that of V. gallagheri (P = 0.0001), and the latter was also significantly different from that of V. globimanus (P = 4·10-6) (Mann-Whitney test). Color codes of all plots: green: V. batinahensis; yellow: V. gallagheri; magenta: V. globimanus; blue: V. iranus. Data in 106–110 from adults, in 111 from all ages.

Figures 112–123 in The genus Vachoniolus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman

Figures 112–123: Tarsal spine combs and bristle combs on tibia, telotarsus and basitarsus of juvenile Vachoniolus batinahensis, sp. nov. 112–117: left legs, juvenile female, Al Abyad, carapace length 1.68 mm. 118–123: right legs, juvenile female, Al Abyad, carapace length 2.8 mm. 112–114, 118–120: visible light trans-illumination; 115–117, 121–123: UV epifluorescence. 112, 115, 118, 121: leg I; 113, 116, 119, 122: leg II; 114, 117, 120, 123: leg III. Retrolateral aspect shown in all figures. Scale bars: 5 mm (across rows).

Figures 100–105 in The genus Vachoniolus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman

Figures 100–105: Pedipalp finger dentition of Vachoniolus species in Oman. Each figure shows a sketch of the denticle patterns on the dentate margins of right fixed finger (left drawing), and right movable finger (right drawing). Position of internal fixed finger trichobothrium it is indicated. 100. V. batinahensis, sp. nov., holotype male. 101. V. batinahensis, sp. nov., paratype female (al Abyad). 102. V. gallagheri, sp. nov., holotype male. 103. V. gallagheri, sp. nov., paratype female (N of Adam). 104. V. globimanus, female (Marsawdad). 105. V. globimanus, male (Shigag).

Figures 136–141 in The genus Vachoniolus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman

Figures 136–141: In vivo habitus and behavior of Vachoniolus in Oman. 136. V. batinahensis sp. nov., adult male, Al Abyad dune field, W of Barka. 137–141. V. globimanus, Wadi Muqshin, NW of Montesar. 137–138. Adult males. 139. Adult female. 140–141. Pairs of adult males and females engaged in promenade à deux (photos of captured animals taken in the field, in the early morning). The male in 140 is using legs II–III to dig into the sand surface (note motion blur of sand being thrown behind his mesosoma). The pair in 141 is performing their dance in a plastic (polypropylene) tray.

Figures 88–99 in The genus Vachoniolus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman

Figures 88–99: Pedipalp segments of Vachoniolus, species, viewed under UV fluorescence. 88–90, V. batinahensis, sp. nov., holotype male; 91–93, V. gallagheri, sp. nov., holotype male; 94–96, V. globimanus, male from Barik; 97–99, V. iranus, male from Iran. 88, 91, 94, 97: pedipalp femur, dorsal aspect; 89, 92, 95, 98: pedipalp patella, dorsal aspect; 90, 93, 96, 99: pedipalp chela, external aspect. Scale bar: 88–89, 99: 2.0 mm; 90: 2.4 mm; 91–92: 1.7 mm; 93, 96: 2.7 mm; 94–95: 2.1 mm; 97–98: 1.3 mm.

Figures 65–73 in The genus Vachoniolus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman

Figures 65–73: Vachoniolus globimanus Levy, Amitai et Shulov, 1973, male (65–67, 70–73: male from Shigag, 68–69 male from Fasad). 65. Carapace, dorsal aspect. 66. Right chelicera, dorsal aspect. 67. Right chelicera, ventral aspect. 68–69. Right hemispermatophore, lobes at base of flagellum. 68, convex aspect; 69, outer aspect. 70. Right basitarsus and telotarsus III, retrolateral aspect. 71. Right telotarsus III, ventral aspect. 72–73. Metasoma and telson. 72. Right lateral aspect. 73. Ventral aspect. Scale bar: 65, 70: 2.8 mm; 66–67: 1.6 mm; 68–69: 1.0 mm; 71: 1.5 mm; 72–73: 1.0 mm.

Figures 47–56 in The genus Vachoniolus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman

Figures 47–56: Vachoniolus gallagheri, sp. nov. 47–51, 56, holotype male; 52–55, paratype female (S of Nizwa roundabout). 47. Right pedipalp chela of male, external aspect. 48. Right pedipalp chela of male, ventral aspect. 49. Right pedipalp femur of male, dorsal aspect. 50. Right pedipalp patella of male, dorsal aspect. 51. Right pedipalp patella of male, external aspect. 52. Right pedipalp chela of female, external aspect. 53. Right pedipalp chela of female, ventral aspect. 54. Right pedipalp patella of female, dorsal aspect. 55. Left pectine, female, ventral aspect. 56. Left pectine, male, ventral aspect. Scale bar: 47–48, 55–56: 3.0 mm; 49–54, 2.0 mm. Trichobothrial notation after Vachon (1974).

Figures 38–46 in The genus Vachoniolus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman

Figures 38–46: Vachoniolus gallagheri, sp. nov. 38, 43–46, holotype male; 39–42, paratype male (same locality as holotype). 38. Carapace, dorsal aspect. 39. Right chelicera, dorsal aspect. 40. Right chelicera, ventral aspect. 41–42. Right hemispermatophore, lobes at base of flagellum. 41, convex aspect; 42 outer aspect. 43. Right basitarsus and telotarsus III, retrolateral aspect. 44. Right telotarsus III, ventral aspect. 45–46. Metasoma and telson. 45. Right lateral aspect. 46. Ventral aspect. Scale bar: 38: 3.0 mm; 39–40, 44: 1.5 mm; 41–42: 1.0 mm; 43: 2.1 mm; 45–46: 4.25 mm.

Figures 18–27 in The genus Vachoniolus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman

Figures 18–27: Vachoniolus batinahensis, sp. nov. 18–22, 27, holotype male; 23–26, paratype female (Al Abyad dune field, W of Barka). 18. Right pedipalp chela of male, external aspect. 19. Right pedipalp chela of male, ventral aspect. 20. Right pedipalp femur of male, dorsal aspect. 21. Right pedipalp patella of male, dorsal aspect. 22. Right pedipalp patella of male, external aspect. 23. Right pedipalp chela of female, external aspect. 24. Right pedipalp chela of female, ventral aspect. 25. Right pedipalp patella of female, dorsal aspect. 26. Left pectine, female, ventral aspect. 27. Left pectine, male, ventral aspect. Scale bar: 18, 23–27: 3 mm; 20–22: 2 mm. Trichobothrial notation after Vachon (1974).

Figures 1–8 in The genus Vachoniolus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman

Figures 1–8: Vachoniolus batinahensis, sp. nov., holotype male (1–4) and paratype female from 11 km W Barka (5–8). Habitus viewed under reflected white light (1–2, 5–6) or UV fluorescence (3–4, 7–8). 1, 3, 5, 7. Dorsal aspect. 2, 4, 6, 8. Ventral aspect. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Figures 146–148 in The genus Vachoniolus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman

Figures 146–148: Maps showing collection sites of Vachoniolus material examined in this study. 146. Records plotted on geopolitical map. Arrows: type localities for V. batinahensis and V. gallagheri, and approximate type locality of V. minipectenibus (= V. globimanus). 147. Records plotted on color topographic map with shaded relief. 148. Records plotted on terrain map obtained by satellite imagery. Green circles: V. batinahensis, sp. nov.; yellow circles: V. gallagheri, sp. nov.; magenta circles: V. globimanus.

Figures 84–87 in The genus Vachoniolus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman

Figures 84–87: Vachoniolus iranus Navidpour et al., 2008, paratype male. Habitus viewed under reflected white light (84, 86) or UV fluorescence (85, 87). 84–85. Dorsal aspect. 86–87. Ventral aspect. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figures 74–83 in The genus Vachoniolus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman

Figures 74–83: Vachoniolus globimanus Levy, Amitai et Shulov, 1973 (74–7, 83: male from Shigag; 79–82: female from NW of Montesar). 74. Right pedipalp chela of male, external aspect. 75. Right pedipalp chela of male, ventral aspect. 76. Right pedipalp femur of male, dorsal aspect. 77. Right pedipalp patella of male, dorsal aspect. 78. Right pedipalp patella of male, external aspect. 79. Right pedipalp chela of female, external aspect. 80. Right pedipalp chela of female, ventral aspect. 81. Right pedipalp patella of female, dorsal aspect. 82. Left pectine, female, ventral aspect. 83. Left pectine, male, ventral aspect. Scale bar: 74–75, 82–83: 3.3 mm; 76–81: 2.5 mm. Trichobothrial notation after Vachon (1974).

Figures 57–64 in The genus Vachoniolus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman

Figures 57–64: Vachoniolus globimanus, male from Shigag (57–60) and paratype female from NW of Montesar (61–64). Habitus viewed under reflected white light (57–58, 61–62) or UV fluorescence (59–60, 63–64). 57, 59, 61, 63. Dorsal aspect. 58, 60, 62, 64. Ventral aspect. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Figures 9–17 in The genus Vachoniolus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman

Figures 9–17: Vachoniolus batinahensis, sp. nov. 9, 14–17, holotype male; 10–13, paratype male (same locality as holotype). 9. Carapace, dorsal aspect. 10. Right chelicera, dorsal aspect. 11. Right chelicera, ventral aspect. 12–13. Right hemispermatophore, lobes at base of flagellum. 12, convex aspect; 13 outer aspect. 14–15. Metasoma and telson. 14. Right lateral aspect. 15. Ventral aspect. 16. Right basitarsus and telotarsus III, retrolateral aspect. 17. Right telotarsus III, ventral aspect. Scale bar: 9, 16: 3 mm; 10, 11: 1.7 mm; 12, 13: 1 mm; 14, 15: 5.7 mm; 17: 1.5 mm.

Figures 30–37 in The genus Vachoniolus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman

Figures 30–37: Vachoniolus gallagheri, sp. nov., holotype male (30–33) and paratype female from N of Adam (34–37). Habitus viewed under reflected white light (30–31, 34–35) or UV fluorescence (32–33, 36–37). 30, 32, 34, 36. Dorsal aspect. 31, 33, 35, 37. Ventral aspect. Scale bars: 10 mm for both male and female.

Figures 28–29 in The genus Vachoniolus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman

Figures 28–29: Sexual dimorphism in ontogenetic scaling of the pedipalp chela of Vachoniolus batinahensis, sp. nov. 28. Double logarithmic plot of pedipalp chela width versus carapace length. 29. Double logarithmic plot of pedipalp chela length versus carapace length. Filled circles: males; open circles: females. Black lines: least squares linear regression fits to segregated subsets of male data points, showing discontinuous development of the chela during growth. Gray lines: fits to entire set of female data points, showing continuous development of the chela. Axis label units in mm.