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IG. 6. — A, Trunk vertebra of Alsophis sp. 2 from Pointe du Helleux archaeological site (Square 2 – crab layer) located on Grande-Terre Island; B, trunk vertebra of Erythrolamprus juliae cf. copeae (Parker, 1936) from Sainte-Rose La Ramée archaeological site (US 2058) located on Basse-Terre Island. Abbreviations: cd., condyle; ct., cotyle; di., diapophysis; h. k., hemal keel; m. c., medial constriction; n. a., neural arch; n. s., neural spine; p. c., precondylar constriction; p. d., paracotylar depression; p. n., postero-medial notch of the zygantrum; pa., parapophysis; pz. f., prezygapophyseal facet; pz. p., prezygapophyseal process; s. d., subcentral depression; s. r., subcentral ridge; s. t., sub-cotylar tubercle; zs., zygosphene. Scale bars: 4 mm in Fossil dipsadid snakes from the Guadeloupe Islands (French West-Indies) and their interactions with past human populations
IG. 6. — A, Trunk vertebra of Alsophis sp. 2 from Pointe du Helleux archaeological site (Square 2 – crab layer) located on Grande-Terre Island; B, trunk vertebra of Erythrolamprus juliae cf. copeae (Parker, 1936) from Sainte-Rose La Ramée archaeological site (US 2058) located on Basse-Terre Island. Abbreviations: cd., condyle; ct., cotyle; di., diapophysis; h. k., hemal keel; m. c., medial constriction; n. a., neural arch; n. s., neural spine; p. c., precondylar constriction; p. d., paracotylar depression; p. n., postero-medial notch of the zygantrum; pa., parapophysis; pz. f., prezygapophyseal facet; pz. p., prezygapophyseal process; s. d., subcentral depression; s. r., subcentral ridge; s. t., sub-cotylar tubercle; zs., zygosphene. Scale bars: 4 mm
Fig. 3 in A well-preserved vertebra provides new insights into rebbachisaurid sauropod caudal anatomical and pneumatic features
Fig. 3. Three-dimensional reconstruction of Rebbachisauridae indet. (MDPA-Pv 007) from the Sierra Chata locality (Candeleros Formation) Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous). Vertebra in lateral view (A1), parasagittal sections (A2, A3), transverse sections (A4–A6), frontal sections (A7–A9). Arrowheads show the presence of pneumatic internal cameras.
Fig. 2 in A well-preserved vertebra provides new insights into rebbachisaurid sauropod caudal anatomical and pneumatic features
Fig. 2. Rebbachisauridae indet. (MDPA-Pv 007) from the Sierra Chata locality (Candeleros Formation) Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous). Anterior caudal vertebra in anterior (A1, A3), posterior (A4, A6), and left lateral (A7, A9) views. Close ups showing lateral spinal laminae (A2), accessory bony lamina located inside of spof (A5), foramina in the lateral surface of the centrum, arrowheads indicate the presence of foramina (A8). Abbreviations: acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; amedl, anterior medial lamina; cdf, centrodiapophyseal fossa; cpol, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; cprl, centroprezygapophyseal laminae; nc, neural canal; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pmedl, posterior medial lamina; pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; pocdf-l, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa lamina; posdf, postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa; prcdf, prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; prcdf-l, prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa lamina; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; prsdf, prezygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa; pz, postzygapophyses; spof, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; spdl, spinodiapophyseal lamina; spol-f, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina fossa; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal laminae; sprl-f, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina fossa.
Fig. 5 in A well-preserved vertebra provides new insights into rebbachisaurid sauropod caudal anatomical and pneumatic features
Fig. 5. Simplified strict consensus showing the position of new specimen MDPA-Pv 007 among rebbachisaurids coded in: Bellardini et al. 2022 (A) and Windholz et al. 2022b (B).
Fig. 4 in A well-preserved vertebra provides new insights into rebbachisaurid sauropod caudal anatomical and pneumatic features
Fig. 4. Selected computed tomographic sections of Rebbachisauridae indet. (MDPA-Pv 007) from the Sierra Chata locality (Candeleros Formation) Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous). Vertebra in anterior view (A1), transverse section taken at mid-length of the element (A1), parasagittal section (A3), frontal sections (A4–A10). Abbreviations: cdf, centrodiapophyseal fossa; nc, neural canal; pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; prcdf, prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; spol-f, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina fossa; sprl-f, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina fossa.
LumASe: A Lumbar Vertebra Anatomical Region Segmentation Dataset
<p>Lumbar vertebra anatomical region segmentation is crucial in an automated spine processing pipeline. To boost the research in automated lumbar vertebra anatomical region segmentation, we propose a new dataset called LumASe. The entire dataset consists of 663 vertebrae ranging from L1 to L5 which are cropped from lumbar spine CT scans. The data was acquired at ShengJing Hospital of China Medical University using three major manufacturers (Philips, Siemens and Toshiba). Cases with vertebral fractures, metallic implants, bone tumors and foreign materials are excluded. All 3D CT lumbar spine images have corresponding segmentation masks annotated at the voxel level by 3 physicians using the Pair annotation package. In each vertebra, we consider seven anatomical regions as the region of interest including superior articular process (SAP), vertebral body (VB), transverse process (TP), lamina (L) pedicle (P), spinous process (SP) and inferior articular process (IAP).</p>
Breaking the constraint on the number of cervical vertebrae in mammals: on homeotic transformations in lorises and pottos
<p><strong>Data-collection</strong></p> <p><em>Specimens</em>. We analysed 1090 skeletons of wild-born primates belonging to 60 species of ten families (Table 1). These skeletons are held in collections of ten European and American natural history museums (Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden (Naturalis); The Natural History Museum, London (NHMUK); the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren (RMCA); the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels (RBINS); the Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen (ZMUC); Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna (NHMW); the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm (NRM); Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin (MfN); and the National Museum for Natural History, Paris (MNHN), Natural History Museum Oslo, American Museum of Natural History, New York, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago (FMNH). Five families belonged to the Strepsirrhini (Lorisidae, Galagidae, Daubentoniidae, Lemuridae, Indriidae) and five to the Haplorrhini, of which two Platyrrhini (Cebidae, Atelidae) and three Catarrhini (Cercopithecidae, Hylobatidae, Hominidae).</p> <p><strong>Cervical vertebrae and transitional cervicothoracic vertebrae</strong>. We determined the number of cervical vertebrae and transitional cervicothoracic vertebrae (vertebrae with both cervical and thoracic characteristics, i.e. a seventh vertebrae with a rudimentary rib or one full rib instead of two, or an eighth vertebrae with rudimentary ribs or without ribs on one side). The identification of transitional cervicothoracic vertebrae was based on the presence of cervical or rudimentary first ribs. In the case of a fusion of rudimentary cervical ribs with the transverse process (apophysomegaly), the vertebra was counted as a transitional cervicothoracic vertebra when the transverse process was at least 15% longer than that of the first thoracic vertebra, or when traces of the articulation were still visible.</p> <p><strong>Explanatory variables. </strong>Per specimen where we determined the vertebral pattern, we recorded the species, life style ("fast" vs. "slow"), individual age class and sex and whether the animal was kept in a zoo later in life or not. This last indicator variable can accommodate effects of relaxed selection in captive environments on the probability of finding an abnormal pattern.</p> <p><strong>Phylogeny. </strong>We used the consensus phylogeny of primates provided by the 10k Trees Project (Arnold & Nunn, 2010) to represent our data per species graphically and to calculate correlations between species effects</p> <p><strong>Statistical analysis. </strong>The R script with our analysis is added.</p> <p> </p>
FIGURE 2. CMM-V-10108, a in A Miocene cetacean vertebra showing a partially healed longitudinal shear-compression fracture, possibly the result of domoic acid toxicity or failed predation
FIGURE 2. CMM-V-10108, a Miocene pathological cetacean vertebra associated with the one shown in Figures 5 and 6. A. Anterior view showing a major shear-compression fracture with comminution. B. right lateral view, and C. posterior view showing the intact fused epiphysis.
FIGURE 3. CMM-V-10108 in A Miocene cetacean vertebra showing a partially healed longitudinal shear-compression fracture, possibly the result of domoic acid toxicity or failed predation
FIGURE 3. CMM-V-10108, shear-fractured Miocene cetacean lumbar vertebra in three transverse CT-scan images. These CT-scan images cut through the vertebra in an anterodorsal-posteroventral direction. A. CT-scan image through the anterior portion of the vertebra showing the wide-open lumen of the shear-compression fracture. B. CT-scan image from approximately 1 cm behind A, showing the thickness of the periosteal reactive bone layer. C. CT-image at about the midpoint in the length of the vertebra showing the posterior-most part of the sheared base of the centrum compressed (telescoped) into the body of the centrum.
FIGURE 7. CMM-V-8522 in A Miocene cetacean vertebra showing a partially healed longitudinal shear-compression fracture, possibly the result of domoic acid toxicity or failed predation
FIGURE 7. CMM-V-8522, Otodus megalodon lower anterior tooth in labial view. This tooth was found touching one of the two pathological vertebrae (CMM-V-10108). Notice the spall-fracture marking the tip of the tooth. White scale bar equals 10 mm.
FIGURE 6. CMM-V-10108, a in A Miocene cetacean vertebra showing a partially healed longitudinal shear-compression fracture, possibly the result of domoic acid toxicity or failed predation
FIGURE 6. CMM-V-10108, a second Miocene pathological cetacean vertebra (also shown in Figure 5) associated with the one shown in Figures 2-4. A. CT-scan image towards the anterior end of the vertebra. B. CT-scan image at about the midpoint in the length of the vertebra showing the thickness of the periosteal reactive bone.
FIGURE 8 in A Miocene cetacean vertebra showing a partially healed longitudinal shear-compression fracture, possibly the result of domoic acid toxicity or failed predation
FIGURE 8. One possible way in which the shear-compression fracture occurred in CMM-V-10108. The posterior vertebral column was severely hyperflexed to such a degree that at least one of its vertebrae experienced a shear-compression fracture, and the periosteum was pulled away from most of the sides of both vertebrae. Artwork by Clarence (Shoe) Schumaker (CMM).
FIGURE 5. CMM-V-10108, a in A Miocene cetacean vertebra showing a partially healed longitudinal shear-compression fracture, possibly the result of domoic acid toxicity or failed predation
FIGURE 5. CMM-V-10108, a second Miocene pathological cetacean vertebra (CT-scans shown in Figure 6) associated with the one shown in Figures 2-4. A. Posterior view showing that the neural spine is incomplete and that the sides of the centrum are covered with periosteal reactive bone. B. ventral view to highlight the periosteal reactive bone. In B, the anterior end of the centrum is up.
FIGURE. 1 in A Miocene cetacean vertebra showing a partially healed longitudinal shear-compression fracture, possibly the result of domoic acid toxicity or failed predation
FIGURE. 1. The site along Calvert Cliffs where the two pathological cetacean vertebrae (CMM-V-10108) and associated Otodus megalodon tooth (CMM-V-8522) were found in situ in Shattuck-Zone 12. Looking north along the cliffs at Warrior's Rest. Photo by M. Ellwood.
FIGURE 4. CMM-V-10108, a in A Miocene cetacean vertebra showing a partially healed longitudinal shear-compression fracture, possibly the result of domoic acid toxicity or failed predation
FIGURE 4. CMM-V-10108, a single CT-scan image in the sagittal plane of a Miocene pathological cetacean vertebra in left lateral view showing the broken lower portion of the centrum, the displaced piece of bone, and the new bone growth (periosteal reactive bone ventrally).
FIGURE 1. Fused cervical vertebrae 12 and 13 in Congenital and late onset vertebral fusions in long necked plesiosaurs: The first report of spondylosis deformans in Sauropterygians
FIGURE 1. Fused cervical vertebrae 12 and 13 in juvenile Muraenosaurus sp. (NWM 19.96.G17) in 1. ventral 2. left lateral 3. right lateral and 4. dorsal view. 5. Ventral view of vertebral series (numbered), showing abnormal position of ventral foramina in vertebrae 10 and 11, and symmetrical positioning in 14, 15. 6. Reconstruction of Muraenosaurus (from Andrews, 1910) showing position of vertebral fusion. Abbreviations: for, foramina subcentralia; naf, neural arch facets. Scale bar equals 4 cm.
→ Fig. 2. Representative skeletal elements of ornithosuchid archosaur Dynamosuchus collisensis gen. et sp. nov. (CAPPA/UFSM 0248) from Janner outcrop, Carnian, Late Triassic. A. Selected skull bones in left lateral view. B. Reconstruction of the skull. C. Skull in ventral view. D. Left quadrate and quadratojugal in posterodorsal view. E. Parabasisphenoid in left lateral view. F. Neural arch of an anterior cervical vertebra in anterior view. G. Centrum of a cervical vertebra in left lateral view. H. Right osteoderm in dorsal view. I. Neural arch of an anterior dorsal vertebra in left lateral view. J. Left ilium in lateral view. L. Right humerus in anterior view. M. Right forearm in medial view. N. Left manus in dorsal view. O. Right (reversed) pubis in lateral view. P. Left femur in anterior view. Q. Left fibula in lateral view. Some unpreserved portions are modified from Baczko et al. in press, for the reconstruction of the skeleton of CAPPA/UFSM 0248 (preserved elements indicated in orange) (K). Scale bars 20 mm. in The first ornithosuchid from Brazil and its macroevolutionary and phylogenetic implications for Late Triassic faunas in Gondwana
→ Fig. 2. Representative skeletal elements of ornithosuchid archosaur Dynamosuchus collisensis gen. et sp. nov. (CAPPA/UFSM 0248) from Janner outcrop, Carnian, Late Triassic. A. Selected skull bones in left lateral view. B. Reconstruction of the skull. C. Skull in ventral view. D. Left quadrate and quadratojugal in posterodorsal view. E. Parabasisphenoid in left lateral view. F. Neural arch of an anterior cervical vertebra in anterior view. G. Centrum of a cervical vertebra in left lateral view. H. Right osteoderm in dorsal view. I. Neural arch of an anterior dorsal vertebra in left lateral view. J. Left ilium in lateral view. L. Right humerus in anterior view. M. Right forearm in medial view. N. Left manus in dorsal view. O. Right (reversed) pubis in lateral view. P. Left femur in anterior view. Q. Left fibula in lateral view. Some unpreserved portions are modified from Baczko et al. in press, for the reconstruction of the skeleton of CAPPA/UFSM 0248 (preserved elements indicated in orange) (K). Scale bars 20 mm.
Figure 4 in Length and weight reconstruction of Chlorurus microrhinos (Scaridae) from isolated cranial bones and vertebrae
Figure 4. – Global rachidian profiles obtained from three individuals of Chlorurus microrhinos: CIRAP-IC- 280 (FL = 288 mm), CIRAP- IC-269 (FL = 391 mm) and CIRAP-IC-282 (FL = 474 mm).
Figure 1 in Length and weight reconstruction of Chlorurus microrhinos (Scaridae) from isolated cranial bones and vertebrae
Figure 1. – Picture of a freshly caught Chlorurus microrhinos (CIRAP-IC-302, TL = 509 mm, FL = 444 mm, SL = 346 mm, W = 1357 g) showing the different types of length measured. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Figure 5 in Length and weight reconstruction of Chlorurus microrhinos (Scaridae) from isolated cranial bones and vertebrae
Figure 5. – Reconstruction of the length and weight of individuals of the Chlorurus microrhinos reference collection using the two measurements ("axis a" and "axis b") of the premaxilla as defined by Longenecker et al. (2011) for C. perspicillatus and C. spilurus.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.