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54 results for “Vertebral morphology”
Vertebral morphology in the tail-whipping common thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus
<p>Thresher sharks (<em>Alopias</em> spp.) are characterized by an elongated, scythe-like caudal fin that is used in tail-whipping, a behavior where the tail is thrown overhead to stun prey. Tail-whipping is performed via extreme dorsoventral bending of the vertebral column and is dramatically different from lateral oscillatory motion used for swimming. Previous work has examined thresher shark vertebral morphology and mechanical properties but in the context of swimming loads. Our goal was to assess centra morphometrics and microarchitecture for variations that may support extreme dorsoventral bending. We examined anterior and posterior body vertebrae from an embryo, 5 juvenile, and 4 adult thresher sharks using micro-computed tomography. We used principal component and landmark analyses to examine variables influencing vertebral morphology and mineral arrangement, respectively. We found that morphology and microstructure significantly varied across body regions and ontogeny. We hypothesize that anterior body vertebrae increase stability, while posterior body vertebrae support the caudal fin. Vertebral size and quantity of mineral structures (lamellae and nodes) increased across ontogeny, suggesting vertebrae adapt over development to support a larger body and tail. Based on our results, we hypothesize that thresher shark vertebrae vary in morphometrics and mineralization (amount and arrangement) supporting the mechanical needs for tail-whipping.</p>
Fig. 9. Centra from extant Carcharodon carcharias Linnaeus, 1758 in Vertebral morphology, dentition, age, growth, and ecology of the large lamniform shark Cardabiodon ricki
Fig. 9. Centra from extant Carcharodon carcharias Linnaeus, 1758 (A) and Cetorhinus maximus Gunnerus, 1765 (B, C). A. Centrum, LACM I-35875- 1, in anterior (A 1), left lateral (A 2), posterior (A 3), dorsal (A 4), and ventral (A 5) views. B. Partial centrum (LACM I-35593-1a) in transverse section (B 1) posterior (B 2), left lateral (B 3), and dorsal (B 4) views. C. Partial centrum (LACM I-35593-1b) in left lateral (C 1), ventral (C 2), and one-half hemi-section (C ) views.
Fig. 6 in Vertebral morphology, dentition, age, growth, and ecology of the large lamniform shark Cardabiodon ricki
Fig. 6. Centrum size profiles of Cardabiodon ricki, Cretoxyrhina mantelli, Cretalamna hattini, Archaeolamna kopingensis, and Squalicorax sp. Centrum diameter of Cardabiodon ricki (WAM 96.4.45.108) compared to those of other lamniforms: Ar. kopingensis (LACM P-128125), Cretoxyrhina mantelli (FHSM VP-323, VP-2187), Cretalamna hattini (LACM P-128126), and Squalicorax (LACM P-120090; USNM 425665). Centrum sizes for Ar. kopingensis, Cretoxyrhina mantelli, and Squalicorax spp. are taken from Cook et al. (2011).
Fig. 3 in Vertebral morphology, dentition, age, growth, and ecology of the large lamniform shark Cardabiodon ricki
Fig. 3. Isolated, small juvenile teeth of Cardabiodon ricki Siverson, 1999 (WAM 13.6.1: lp7–9?) (A) and Cretoxyrhina agassizensis (Underwood and Cumbaa, 2010) (WAM 13.6.2: a2?) (B) from the basal (0.1 m) of the Haycock Marl, Pillawarra Plateau, Western Australia, late Cenomanian or early Turonian. In labial (A1, A2) and lingual (B1, B2) views.
Fig. 2 in Vertebral morphology, dentition, age, growth, and ecology of the large lamniform shark Cardabiodon ricki
Fig. 2. Schematic drawing of a hypothetical shark centrum in hemisected view showing potential criteria used for age determination.
Fig. 1 in Vertebral morphology, dentition, age, growth, and ecology of the large lamniform shark Cardabiodon ricki
Fig. 1. Early Late Cretaceous map (90 Ma; PLATES Program 2009) showing locations of fossil localities (late Cenomanian to middle Turonian) yielding Cardabiodon spp. (see Cook et al. 2010). UALVP 49430 from Canada is likely a transitional morphotype between Cardabiodon ricki and Cardabiodon venator.
Fig. 8 in Vertebral morphology, dentition, age, growth, and ecology of the large lamniform shark Cardabiodon ricki
Fig. 8. Five posterior precaudal(?) centra of Cretoxyrhina mantelli Agassiz, 1843, late Coniacian–early Santonian, Smoky Hill Chalk of the Niobrara Chalk, Kansas, USA. A–C. Centra, FHSM VP-2184a (A), FHSM VP-2184b (B), and FHSM VP-2184c (C), in anterior or posterior (A 1 –C 1), left lateral (A 2 –C 2), dorsal (A 3 –C 3), and ventral (A 4 –C 4) views. D. Centrum, FHSM VP-2184d, in transverse section showing radial lamellae and dorsal and ventral articular foramina; in anterior and posterior (D , D ) views. E. Centrum, FHSM VP-2184e, in hemisected view showing 12 bands (arrows).
Fig. 5 in Vertebral morphology, dentition, age, growth, and ecology of the large lamniform shark Cardabiodon ricki
Fig. 5. Centra of Cardabiodon ricki Siverson, 1999 from uppermost 10 cm of the Gearle Siltstone (middle Cenomanian), CY Creek, Giralia Range, Western Australia. A. Precaudal centrum, WAM 96.4.45.128. Face of the corpus calcareum (A1) showing line of section (black line) and transect with points of measurement (white line and circles), large filled circle represents focus, left half of the section centrum correseponds to A2, right half of the centrum corresponds to A3. "Hemisected" view of centrum (A2) showing the number of bands, angle of the section does not intersect the focus as it was missing from the originally incomplete centrum, the point of the focus occurs in -z space (behind the plain of the page). Opposing view showing focus (A3). B. Precaudal centrum, WAM 96.3.175.1. Anterior view of corpus calcareum with surface removed to show bands (B1); centrum (B2); dorsal view of centrum B3), ovals show outline and position of articular foramina for the neural arch (anterior to left); lateral view of centrum (B4) oval outlines rib articular foramen (anterior to left); hemisected section of centrum (B5) (anterior to left); enlarged, hemisected view (B6) showing bands. C. Caudal centrum, WAM 96.4.45.110 (oblique angle), anterior view showing birth ring.
Fig. 10 in Vertebral morphology, dentition, age, growth, and ecology of the large lamniform shark Cardabiodon ricki
Fig. 10. Centrum growth profiles and size profiles of Cardabiodon ricki ( blue lines), Cretoxyrhina mantelli, Cretoxyrhina agassizensis, and Archaeolamna kopingensis. Centrum radial distance is distance from focus toward the margin along a transverse plane at the anterior or posterior ends of the centrum (note: no line is figured between birth ring and band 1 in A. kopingensis because of damage in corpus calcareum where distance between them was extrapolated from size of retained fragments of corpus calcareum [see Cook et al. 2011]; filled symbols represent presumed annual rings); specimens depicted as "Cretoxyrhina spp." are those centra not preserved with teeth but have a matching morphology to those found with teeth; the growth profile of WAM 96.4.45.128 was measured from the face of the corpus calcareum (Fig. 5A 1) and does not reflect the exact proportions of growth recorded in the "hemisected" view of the centrum in Fig. 5 A as the angle of the section does not intersect the focus.
Fig. 4 in Vertebral morphology, dentition, age, growth, and ecology of the large lamniform shark Cardabiodon ricki
Fig. 4. Reconstructed lower dentition of Cardabiodon ricki Siverson, 1999 (WAM 96.4.45) from uppermost 10 cm of the Gearle Siltstone (middle Cenomanian), CY Creek, Giralia Range, Western Australia, depicting mirror images of left anterior teeth on the right side.
Fig. 7 in Vertebral morphology, dentition, age, growth, and ecology of the large lamniform shark Cardabiodon ricki
Fig. 7. Centra of Cretoxyrhina spp. A, B. Cretoxyrhina mantelli (Agassiz, 1843), late Coniacian–middle Santonian, Smoky Hill Chalk, Niobrara Chalk, Gove County, Kansas, USA. A. FHSM VP-323. B. FHSM VP-2187, articulated centra from various positions in the vertebral column; v1–14 (B1), v1 = occipital centrum, order corresponds to Fig. 6; v62–66 (B2); v67–75 (B3); v86–93 (B4); v94–104 (B5); v129–139 (B6); v183–193 (B7); v194–208 (B8); v 209–227 (B9). C. Centrum in transverse section through about inner margin of the corpus calcareum of Cretoxyrhina mantelli, NHMUK OR.25939, White Chalk Formation (?), near Sussex, UK; arrows indicate articular foramina for neural and ribs or haemal arches (see also Woodward 1912: pl. 43: 14). D. Centrum of Cretoxyrhina sp. (probably Cretoxyrhina agassizensis), DMNH 746C, Eagle Ford Group, Cenomanian, Tarrent County, Texas, USA; view of face (D1) showing focus and 15 bands (black arrows) after the birth ring; tracing of left lateral view of centrum (D2). E. Centra of Cretoxyrhina sp. (probably Cretoxyrhina agassizensis), NHMUK OR.49015, Cenomanian–Turonian, near Kent (?), UK.
Fig. 16. A. Vertebral line normally separated from the parietal region. B in Phylogenetic relationships based on morphological data and taxonomy of the genus Salvadora Baird & Girard, 1853 (Reptilia, Colubridae)
Fig. 16. A. Vertebral line normally separated from the parietal region. B. Vertebral line reaching the parietal region.
Vertebral morphology in the tail-whipping common thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus
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Squamation and scale morphology at the root of jawed vertebrates
<p>Placoderms, as the earliest branching jawed vertebrates, are crucial to understanding how the characters of crown gnathostomes comprising Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes evolved from their stem relatives. Despite the growing knowledge of the anatomy and diversity of placoderms over the past decade, the dermal scales of placoderms are predominantly known from isolated material, either morphologically or histologically, resulting in their squamation being poorly understood. Here we provide a comprehensive description of the squamation and scale morphology of a primitive taxon of Antiarcha (a clade at the root of jawed vertebrates), <em>Parayunnanolepis</em> <em>xitunensis</em>, based on the virtual restoration of an articulated specimen by using X-ray computed tomography. Thirteen morphotypes of scales are classified to exhibit how the morphology changes with their position on the body in primitive antiarchs, based on which nine areas of the post-thoracic body are distinguished to show their scale variations in the dorsal, flank, ventral, and caudal lobe regions. In this study, the histological structure of yunnanolepidoid scales is described for the first time based on disarticulated scales from the type locality and horizon of <em>P</em>. <em>xitunensis</em>. The results demonstrate that yunnanolepidoid scales are remarkably different from their dermal plates as well as euantiarch scales in lack of a well-developed middle layer. Together, our study reveals that the high regionalization of squamation and the bipartite histological structure of scales might be plesiomorphic for antiarchs, and jawed vertebrates in general.</p>
Stepwise shifts underlie evolutionary trends in morphological complexity of the mammalian vertebral column
<p>A fundamental concept in evolutionary biology is that life tends to become more complex through geologic time, but empirical examples of this phenomenon are controversial. One debate is whether increasing complexity is the result of random variations, or if there are evolutionary processes which actively drive its acquisition, and if these processes act uniformly across clades. The mammalian vertebral column provides an opportunity to test these hypotheses because it is composed of serially-repeating vertebrae for which complexity and organization can be readily measured. Here we test seven competing hypotheses for the evolution of vertebral complexity by incorporating fossil data from the mammal stem lineage into evolutionary models. Based on these data, we reject Brownian motion (a random walk) and uniform increasing trends in favor of stepwise shifts for explaining increasing complexity. We hypothesize that clade-specific adaptations associated with increased aerobic capacity in non-mammalian cynodonts may have provided impetus for increasing vertebral complexity in mammals.</p>
Stepwise shifts underlie evolutionary trends in morphological complexity of the mammalian vertebral column
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Ecological variation drives morphological differentiation in a highly social vertebrate
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Squamation and scale morphology at the root of jawed vertebrates
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Data from: Rates of speciation and morphological evolution are correlated across the largest vertebrate radiation
Several evolutionary theories predict that rates of morphological change should be positively associated with the rate at which new species arise. For example, the theory of punctuated equilibrium proposes that phenotypic change typically occurs in rapid bursts associated with speciation events. However, recent phylogenetic studies have found little evidence linking these processes in nature. Here we demonstrate that rates of species diversification are highly correlated with the rate of body size evolution across the 30,000+ living species of ray-finned fish that comprise the majority of vertebrate biological diversity. This coupling is a general feature of fish evolution and transcends vast differences in ecology and body-plan organization. Our results may reflect a widespread speciational mode of character change in living fishes. Alternatively, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that phenotypic 'evolvability' – the capacity of organisms to evolve – shapes the dynamics of speciation through time at the largest phylogenetic scales.
FIGURE 11. Vertebrals 2 and 3 in Morphology of the lectotype of Chelodina oblonga Gray 1841 (Testudines: Chelidae)
FIGURE 11. Vertebrals 2 and 3 in (A) C. oblonga lectotype; (B) C. oblonga paralectotype; (C) C. oblonga NHMUK 52.11.12.1 / 1947.3.5.90 (Swan River, WA, syntype of C. colliei); (D) C. kurrichalpongo NHMUK 42.1.12.123 (Port Essington, N.T.); (E) C. kurrichalpongo AMS R129353 (Cobourg Peninsula, NT). In C. oblonga (A, B, C) the sulcus between V1 and V2 (a) is usually straight; the microtopography of the medial portions of V2 and V3 (b) consists of broadly rounded nodules while the lateral portions (c) have narrow longitudinal striations and the vertebrals have shallow insertions (d) into pleurals. In C. kurrichalpongo (D, E) the sulcus between V1 and V2 (e) is usually curved; the microtopography is uniform across V2 and V3 (f); or the medial portions have narrow longitudinal striations (g), while lateral portions (h) tend to have more broadly rounded nodules and the vertebrals have deeper insertions (i) into pleurals. (photo (B) Katherine Child, courtesy of Oxford University Museum of Natural History); photo (E): Ross Sadlier).
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