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Figure B1 in †Cretolixon - a remarkable new genus of rhopalosomatid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Rhopalosomatidae) from chemically tested, mid-Cretaceous Burmese (Kachin) amber supports the monophyly of Rhopalosomatinae

Figure B1. Molecules identified in the pyrolysates of Burmese amber. Individual compounds are labeled according to the identification of peaks in Figs. 1 and B2 and Table A1.

Figure B2 in †Cretolixon - a remarkable new genus of rhopalosomatid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Rhopalosomatidae) from chemically tested, mid-Cretaceous Burmese (Kachin) amber supports the monophyly of Rhopalosomatinae

Figure B2. Total ion chromatograms from the THM–GC–MS analysis of Burmese ambers. Numbered peaks refer to identified compounds in Table A1 and Fig. B1.

Figure 10 in †Cretolixon - a remarkable new genus of rhopalosomatid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Rhopalosomatidae) from chemically tested, mid-Cretaceous Burmese (Kachin) amber supports the monophyly of Rhopalosomatinae

Figure 10. Distribution of the discussed characters among Rhopalosomatidae. The tree topology of the recent genera is based on Brothers and Carpenter (1993), Brothers (1999) (both: "rhopalosomatids" sister to Olixon), Guidotti (1999), and unpublished molecular data (Blaschke et al., unpublished results) (both: Olixon + (Liosphex + (Rhopalosoma + Paniscomima))).

Figure 8 in †Cretolixon - a remarkable new genus of rhopalosomatid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Rhopalosomatidae) from chemically tested, mid-Cretaceous Burmese (Kachin) amber supports the monophyly of Rhopalosomatinae

Figure 8. Cretolixon alatum gen. et sp. nov., female, paratype (VL-Bu-04; UMB). (a) Basal half of left antenna. (b) Details of mouth parts (maxillary palpus highlighted in grey). (c) Details of mouth parts (labial palpus highlighted in grey). Abbreviations: FI, FII, FIII – flagellomere 1, flagellomere 2, flagellomere 3; G – gena; lp1,..., lp4 – labial palpomere 1,..., labial palpomere 4; M – mandible; mp2,..., mp6 – maxillary palpomere 2,..., maxillary palpomere 6; p – pedicel; sc – scape. Drawings based on Fig. 5b.

Figure 9 in †Cretolixon - a remarkable new genus of rhopalosomatid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Rhopalosomatidae) from chemically tested, mid-Cretaceous Burmese (Kachin) amber supports the monophyly of Rhopalosomatinae

Figure 9. Some characters of Rhopalosomatidae. (a) Rhopalosomatidae, gen. et sp. indet., Burmese (Kachin) amber (ZMB; MB.I 6501), basal section of hind wing. (b) Liosphex boreus Lohrmann (in Lohrmann and Ohl, 2010), basal section of hind wing. (c) Rhopalosoma nearcticum Brues, 1943, basal section of hind wing. (d) Olixon banksii (Brues, 1922), mouthparts. (e) Liosphex longicornis Lohrmann (in Lohrmann and Ohl, 2010), mouthparts. (f) Paniscomima kilombero Lohrmann, 2011, mouthparts. (g) Paniscomima opposita Guidotti, 2007, male, paratype, head in dorsal view. (h) Paniscomima seyrigi (Berland, 1951), female, head in dorsal view. (i) Liosphex varius Townes, 1977, female, holotype, head in dorsal view. Abbreviations: ab – apical bristle; lp1,..., lp4 – labial palpomere 1,..., labial palpomere 4; mp1,..., mp6 – maxillary palpomere 1,..., maxillary palpomere 6. Panel (i) is reproduced with permission from copyright holder and was first published in Zootaxa (Lohrmann and Ohl, 2010); photo by David Wahl.

Figure 7 in †Cretolixon - a remarkable new genus of rhopalosomatid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Rhopalosomatidae) from chemically tested, mid-Cretaceous Burmese (Kachin) amber supports the monophyly of Rhopalosomatinae

Figure 7. Cretolixon alatum gen. et sp. nov., male, holotype (MB.I 6500; ZMB). Venation of fore and hind wings (microtrichia omitted, drawing based on a photograph with a perspective similar to that of Fig. 4e).

Figure 4 in †Cretolixon - a remarkable new genus of rhopalosomatid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Rhopalosomatidae) from chemically tested, mid-Cretaceous Burmese (Kachin) amber supports the monophyly of Rhopalosomatinae

Figure 4. Cretolixon alatum gen. et sp. nov., male, holotype (MB.I 6500; ZMB). (a) Habitus in lateral view. (b) Head in slightly oblique frontal view. (c) Mesosoma in lateral view. (d) Partial right antenna. (e) Wings. Abbreviations: ab – apical bristle; FI, FII, FIII – flagellomere 1, flagellomere 2, flagellomere 3; lo – lateral ocellus; oc – occipital carina; p – pedicel; sc – scape. The arrowheads indicate the apical bristles on third maxillary palpomeres (c) and basal flagellomeres (d).

Figure 5 in †Cretolixon - a remarkable new genus of rhopalosomatid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Rhopalosomatidae) from chemically tested, mid-Cretaceous Burmese (Kachin) amber supports the monophyly of Rhopalosomatinae

Figure 5. Cretolixon alatum gen. et sp. nov., female, paratype (VL-Bu-04, UMB). (a) Habitus in lateral view. (b) Head and basal halves of antennae in oblique lateral view. (c) Mesosoma in lateral view. (d) Right protibia and protarsus. (e) Wings. The arrowheads indicate the apical bristles on second labial and third maxillary palpomeres (b).

Figure 1 in †Cretolixon - a remarkable new genus of rhopalosomatid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Rhopalosomatidae) from chemically tested, mid-Cretaceous Burmese (Kachin) amber supports the monophyly of Rhopalosomatinae

Figure 1. Total ion chromatogram from the THM–GC–MS analysis of the Burmese amber MB.I 6500. Numbered peaks refer to identified compounds in Table A1 and Fig. B1.

Figure 6 in †Cretolixon - a remarkable new genus of rhopalosomatid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Rhopalosomatidae) from chemically tested, mid-Cretaceous Burmese (Kachin) amber supports the monophyly of Rhopalosomatinae

Figure 6. Cretolixon alatum gen. et sp. nov., male and female, paratypes (male: SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIII 25, SNSB; female: NIGP173865, NIGP). (a, c, d) Male. (a) Habitus in lateral view. (c) Base of right antenna. (d) Base of left antenna. (b, e) Female. (b) Habitus in slightly oblique dorsal view. (e) Partial right antenna (apex of FI to base of FIV). The arrowheads indicate the apical bristles on basal flagellomeres.

Figure 3 in †Cretolixon - a remarkable new genus of rhopalosomatid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Rhopalosomatidae) from chemically tested, mid-Cretaceous Burmese (Kachin) amber supports the monophyly of Rhopalosomatinae

Figure 3. Some diagnostic characters of Rhopalosomatidae. (a) Liosphex bribri Lohrmann (in Lohrmann and Ohl, 2010), female, paratype, apical bristles on basal flagellomeres. (b) Paniscomima kilombero Lohrmann, 2011, female, paratype, last metasomal segments with upcurved sting. (c) Liosphex varius Townes, 1977, male, mesosternal lobes covering the bases of the mesocoxae. (d) Olixon ferrugineum Krogmann et al., 2009, female, paratype, apical bristles on basal flagellomeres. (e) Rhopalosoma poeyi Cresson, 1865, male, last metasomal segments with upcurved parameres. (f) Fourth instar larva of a rhopalosomatid (Olixon?) wasp on a nemobiine cricket (Nemobiinae), collected in Florida, USA (deposited in the personal collection of Volker Lohrmann). Abbreviations: ab – apical bristle; FI, FII, FIII – flagellomere 1, flagellomere 2, flagellomere 3; T5, T6, T7 – metasomal tergite 5, metasomal tergite 6, metasomal tergite 7; msl – mesosternal lobe; msc – mesocoxa; mtc – metacoxa; pa – paramere. A cutout of panel (f) was first published in Fossil Record (Lohrmann and Engel, 2017).

Figure 2 in †Cretolixon - a remarkable new genus of rhopalosomatid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Rhopalosomatidae) from chemically tested, mid-Cretaceous Burmese (Kachin) amber supports the monophyly of Rhopalosomatinae

Figure 2. Reconstructed chromatogram (m/z = 173 + 175) of Baltic amber (a) and the Burmese amber VL-Bu-04 (b). The similar retention times of compounds 30 and 31 in Baltic and Burmese ambers indicate the regular configuration of labdanoid diterpenes. The box depicts the similar retention time for the most intense trimethylnaphthalene isomer (m/z = 155). The slight differences in retention times for trimethylnaphthalene (box) and compounds 30 and 31 are experimental deviations due to the non-automated injection.

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Linked collectors and determiners for: An annotated distributional checklist of Vespidae (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea) of India.

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "An annotated distributional checklist of Vespidae (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea) of India". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/4d93f591-1785-4eea-9b96-49b782137498">https://bionomia.net/dataset/4d93f591-1785-4eea-9b96-49b782137498</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/4d93f591-1785-4eea-9b96-49b782137498">https://gbif.org/dataset/4d93f591-1785-4eea-9b96-49b782137498</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Linked collectors and determiners for: Swiss National Vespoidea Databank.

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Swiss National Vespoidea Databank". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/81981d98-e27f-4155-9a94-9eae9bbad2be">https://bionomia.net/dataset/81981d98-e27f-4155-9a94-9eae9bbad2be</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/81981d98-e27f-4155-9a94-9eae9bbad2be">https://gbif.org/dataset/81981d98-e27f-4155-9a94-9eae9bbad2be</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

Fig. 39 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Fig. 39. Microphotograph of labium of cleared postdefecating fourth instar of Sapyga luteomaculata, showing narrow but pronounced premental sclerite, labial palpi, and articulating arms of stipites.

Figs. 37, 38 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Figs. 37, 38. SEM micrographs of postdefecating fourth instar of Sapyga luteomaculata. 37. Posterior part of abdomen, lateral view, showing dorsal divisions of segments into cephalic and caudal annulets. 38. Spiracle.

Figs. 41–43 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Figs. 41–43. SEM micrographs of larval instars of Sapyga luteomaculata. 41. Second instar head, lateral view with hypostomal groove no longer deep or with pores. 42. Head of same, ventrolateral view. 43. Right antennal papilla and slitlike anterior tentorial pit of third instar, oblique frontal view.

Figs. 25–30 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Figs. 25–30. SEM micrographs of first instar of Sapyga luteomaculata. 25. Head, approximate frontoventral view. 26. Close-up of left maxilla identifying low maxillary palpus and galea. 27. Close-up of apex of left antenna, lateral view. 28. Abdominal segment 10, showing laterally branched pygopod, caudal view. 29. Spiracle of first abdominal segment. 30. Spiracle of metathorax to same scale as fig. 29.

Figs. 21–24 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Figs. 21–24. SEM micrographs of first instar of Sapyga luteomaculata. 21. Entire larva, lateral view. 22. Head, lateral view. 23. Head, ventrolateral view, to show pronounced hypostomal groove, gular bridge, stipital sclerites. 24. Close-up of anterior part of hypostomal groove identified by rectangle in fig. 23, showing pores of unknown function.

Figs. 17–20 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Figs. 17–20. Diagrams of right mandible, dorsal views, drawn to approximately same scale; those of first three instars from cast skins attached to a fourth instar, which was not the fourth postdefecating form. 17. First instar. 18. Second instar. 19. Third instar. 20. Fourth instar (postdefecating form).