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Figure 1 in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella

Figure 1. Map of Victoria, Australia, showing the fossil locations within the Melbourne Zone. Location 1. Yea, Ghin Ghin Road, Limestone Road (37° 12.38' S, 145° 25.39' E). Location 2. Matlock, Frenchmans Spur (37° 25.82' S, 146° 77.24' E.), the type location of Salopella australis and S. caespitosa (Tims and Chambers, 1984). Source: adapted from Moore et al. (1998: fig. 2).

Figure 2. Salopella australis displaying parallel parent axes dichotomising into much shorter daughter axes that are terminated with elongate sporangia, delineated with a in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella

Figure 2. Salopella australis displaying parallel parent axes dichotomising into much shorter daughter axes that are terminated with elongate sporangia, delineated with a constriction just above dark sporogeneous region. All from Wilson Creek Shale on Frenchmans Spur track, 10 km west of Matlock. A, erect parent axes parallel to each other, dichotomising into two elongate sporangia from Wilson Creek Shale. Re-photographed here; originally published in Tims and Chambers (1984: pl. 32, fig. 4) and Tims (1980: fig. 4.1.9). Specimen NMV P50014. B, forked dichotomy terminated by sporangia from Wilson Creek Shale. And to the right hand side of the forked axis is another long axis, which based on its orientation may also be part of the same plant. Constriction at arrow, lower arrow at dichotomy and double arrow at two aligned axes. Specimen NMV P33219. C, close-up of fructification in A, sporangia barely extend beyond the confines of their subtending axes, with slight constriction present above sporogeneous region (at arrow). Specimen NMV P50014. D, E, holotype, part and counterpart. On part, constriction at arrow in sporangium. On counterpart, both parent axes are parallel to each other (at dotted arrow). Re-photographed here, originally published in Tims and Chambers (1984: pl. 32, figs. 1, 2). Specimens NMV P50008.1 and NMV P50008.2, respectively. F, Gen. et sp. indet. – short daughter axes terminated in elongate sporangia. The cortex may be absent from subtending axes, with only the central line visible. The lack of cortex prevents assigning to S. australis as width of subtending axis to sporangial width is required. Originally photographed by Tims (1980: fig. 4.1.13). Specimen NMV P50010.2. G, S. australis, with two short daughter axes, with constriction at arrow of the sporangium, which is the same width as its subtending axis. Specimen NMV P202886.

Figure 6 in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella

Figure 6. Line-drawings of Victorian early land plants with longer than wider sporangia. A, Salopella australis from Wilson Creek Shale on Frenchmans Spur track, near Matlock. Specimen NMV P50014.B, Gen. et sp. indet. from Limestone Road, Yea. Originally placed in S. australis but branching architecture clearly differs. Specimen NMV P157323. C, Salopella laidae sp. nov. from Limestone Road, Yea. NMV P50011. D, Salopella caespitosa (holotype) from Wilson Creek Shale on Frenchmans Spur track, near Matlock. Specimen NMV P202987. E, Salopella caespitosa from Ghin Ghin Road, Yea. Specimen NMV P235941.

Figure 4. Salopella caespitosa NMV P235941 in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella

Figure 4. Salopella caespitosa NMV P235941 from Devil's Elbow on Ghin Ghin Road, northwest of Yea. A, overview of whole specimen. NMV P235941.1. B, arrow (Vt) at vascular trace entering base of oval presumed sporogenous body of sporangium four, and the subtending axis to sporangium four pinches slightly about 1 mm below the sporangium. Lower arrow at region where subtending axis is continuous with sporangial wall and upper arrow shows extent of sporangial body of sporangium three. Note, for both sporangia, the distal parts appear to be hidden in the matrix. NMV P235941.2. C, lower arrow (Vt) at vascular trace entering base of oval sporogenous body, with upper arrow at distal extent of sporogenous body on sporangium two on the counterpart. Note, no longitudinally oblique striations are evident in upper half of sporangium but are evident on the part specimen. NMV P235941.2. D, sporangium two at arrow longitudinal oblique striations on the upper half of the sporangium. NMV P235941.1. E, close-up of parent axis with longitudinal striations. NMV P235941.1.

Figure 3 in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella

Figure 3. Salopella caespitosa (holotype) from Wilson Creek Shale on Frenchmans Spur track, 10 km west of Matlock. A, B, part (NMV P202987.1) and counterpart (NMV P202987.2), respectively; numbering follows Tims and Chambers (1984, pl. 33, fig. 1). Counterpart images are reversed to be in the same orientation as the part specimen. A, on right-hand side of part specimen, double isotomous dichotomies lead to sporangia one–seven. Note, at the arrows, there is perpendicular branching that is suggestive of a rhizomatous system. C, sporangium 12; at the arrow there is another axis that is terminated in a sporangium that is partially visible. Specimen NMV P202987.1. D–F, Evidence of a slight constriction beneath sporangia at arrows. D, sporangia eight and nine (on the left). Widest part of each sporangium occurring approximately midway along their length. Note, rephotographed; originally published in Tims and Chambers (1984: pl. 34, fig. 3). Specimen NMV P202987.1. E, sporangium 22 is c. 4.06 mm long and 1.4 mm wide. The axis decreases from 1.2 mm proximally to 0.5 mm just beneath the sporangium. Specimen = NMV P202987.2. F, sporangia four (right) and five, both sporangia are slightly wider in the lower quarter of each sporangia. Specimen = NMV P202987.2. G, sporangium 22, appears to be two immature sporangia juxtaposed. At arrow, the apex (rounded) of the smaller fusiform sporangium is apparent. Specimen NMV P202987.1. H, sporangium two, lower arrow at walls surrounding presumed oval sporogeneous area, which reaches approximately halfway the length of the sporangium to the upper arrow. Specimen NMV P202987.1. I, sporangium 13, arrows at walls surrounding sporangeneous area and upper arrow showing extent of oval sporogenous body. The walls does not recombine apically like in sporangium two, suggesting it may have been crushed, or hidden, beneath the matrix. Rephotographed; originally figured by Tims and Chambers (1984: pl. 33, fig. 3). Specimen NMV P202987.2.

Figure 5 in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella

Figure 5. Salopella laidae sp. nov. (holotype) NMV P50011.1 and NMV P50011.2, part and counterpart, respectively, with counterpart reversed to be in the same orientation as part specimen. From location 4 (Brackley's cutting) on Limestone Road, Yea. A, double isotomous dichotomy visible, terminated with eight elongate sporangia, five visible. At lower arrow central line and at F, folding of tissue. On sporangium seven?sporogenous region highlighted. Rephotographed; originally figured by Tims and Chambers, 1984: pl. 32, fig. 3 and text-fig. 2C. B, arrow at daughter axis missing on part present.

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Data from: Ontogeny of the Furongian (late Cambrian) trilobite Proceratopyge cf. P. Lata Whitehouse from northern Victoria Land, Antarctica, and the evolution of metamorphosis in trilobites

There were multiple origins of metamorphosis-undergoing protaspides in trilobite evolution: within the superfamilies Remopleuridioidea, Trinucleoidea, and within the Order Asaphida. Recent studies have revealed that the protaspides of the Cambrian representatives of the Remopleuridioidea and the Trinucleoidea did not undergo metamorphosis. However, ontogeny of the Cambrian members of the Order Asaphida has remained unknown. This study documents the ontogeny of the Furongian asaphoidean ceratopygid trilobite, Proceratopyge cf. P. lata Whitehouse, from northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Two stages for the protaspid phase, five developmental stages for the post-protaspid cranidia, and ten stages for the post-protaspid pygidia have been identified. Interestingly, the protaspis directly developed into a meraspis without metamorphosis. A new cladistic analysis resulted in a single most parsimonious tree, according to which the presence of the bulbous commutavi protaspis turns out to be a synapomorphy for Asaphidae + Cyclopygoidea, not a synapomorphy for the Order Asaphida as previously suggested. In addition, it is inferred that there was convergent evolution of indirectly-developing commutavi protaspides during the Furongian and Early Ordovician. Metamorphosis-entailing planktonic larvae evolved in many different metazoan lineages near the Cambrian–Ordovician transition, due to the escalating ecological pressure of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. Since the bulbous commutavi protaspid morphology is thought to be an adaptation for a planktonic life mode, the convergent evolution of the indirect development in the three trilobite lineages at this period might have been a result of adaptation to the early phase of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event.

FIGURE 11 in Two new species of Eutardigrada from Victoria Land, Antarctica

FIGURE 11. Milnesium antarcticum (paratype, slide No. 5104). A, Bucco-pharyngeal apparatus. B, Claws of the second and third pairs of legs. C, Claws of the first and second pairs of legs. D, Claws of the hind legs. Scale bars = 10 µm.

FIGURE 9 in Two new species of Eutardigrada from Victoria Land, Antarctica

FIGURE 9. Milnesium longiungue (paratype, slide No. 5103). A, Bucco-pharyngeal apparatus. B, Claws of the first pair of legs. C, Claws of the hind legs. Scale bars = 10 µm.

FIGURE 10. Milnesium sandrae. A in Two new species of Eutardigrada from Victoria Land, Antarctica

FIGURE 10. Milnesium sandrae. A, Bucco-pharyngeal apparatus of the holotype (slide No. 4290). B, Claws of the first pair of legs of the holotype. The arrow indicates the cuticular bar near the claws. C, Claws of the hind legs (slide No. 1028). The arrow indicates a lunule. Scale bars = 10 µm.

FIGURE 7 in Two new species of Eutardigrada from Victoria Land, Antarctica

FIGURE 7. Milnesium brachyungue (paratype, slide No. 3944). A, Bucco-pharyngeal apparatus. B, Claws of the first pair of legs. C, Claws of the hind legs. Scale bars = 10 µm.

FIGURE 2. Acutuncus antarcticus. A,B in Two new species of Eutardigrada from Victoria Land, Antarctica

FIGURE 2. Acutuncus antarcticus. A,B: Bucco-pharyngeal apparatus (slide No. 5779); the peculiar shape (characteristic of the genus) of the apophyses for the insertion of the stylet muscles (arrows) is evident. C, Claws of the third pair of legs (slide No. 5779). D, Claws of the hind legs (slide No. 5774). Scale bars = 10 µm.

FIGURE 3. A–C in Two new species of Eutardigrada from Victoria Land, Antarctica

FIGURE 3. A–C, Holotype of Mixibius fueginus (slide No. 4335): A, Bucco-pharyngeal apparatus. B, Claws of the third pair of legs. C, Claws of the hind legs. Scale bars = 10 µm.

FIGURE 1 in Two new species of Eutardigrada from Victoria Land, Antarctica

FIGURE 1. Mixibius felix. sp. nov. A, Bucco-pharyngeal apparatus of the holotype (slide No. 4535). B, Bucco-pharyngeal apparatus of a paratype (slide No. 4539) in lateral view: the hook-shaped apophyses for the insertion of the stylet muscles are visible (the ventral indicated by arrow "a", the dorsal by arrow "b"), both followed by a thickening of the buccal tube wall. C, Claws of the second pair of legs of a paratype (slide No. 4540); an accessory point of the external claw (arrow) is visible. D, Claws of the hind legs of a paratype (slide No. 4531). Scale bars = 10 µm.

FIGURE 3. A – C in Two new species of Eutardigrada from Victoria Land, Antarctica

FIGURE 3. A – C, Holotype of Mixibius fueginus (slide No. 4335): A, Bucco-pharyngeal apparatus. B, Claws of the third pair of legs. C, Claws of the hind legs. Scale bars = 10 µm.

FIGURE 2. Acutuncus antarcticus. A, B in Two new species of Eutardigrada from Victoria Land, Antarctica

FIGURE 2. Acutuncus antarcticus. A, B: Bucco-pharyngeal apparatus (slide No. 5779); the peculiar shape (characteristic of the genus) of the apophyses for the insertion of the stylet muscles (arrows) is evident. C, Claws of the third pair of legs (slide No. 5779). D, Claws of the hind legs (slide No. 5774). Scale bars = 10 µm.

FIGURE 1 in Two new species of Eutardigrada from Victoria Land, Antarctica

FIGURE 1. Mixibius felix. sp. nov. A, Bucco-pharyngeal apparatus of the holotype (slide No. 4535). B, Bucco-pharyngeal apparatus of a paratype (slide No. 4539) in lateral view: the hook-shaped apophyses for the insertion of the stylet muscles are visible (the ventral indicated by arrow " a ", the dorsal by arrow " b "), both followed by a thickening of the buccal tube wall. C, Claws of the second pair of legs of a paratype (slide No. 4540); an accessory point of the external claw (arrow) is visible. D, Claws of the hind legs of a paratype (slide No. 4531). Scale bars = 10 µm.

FIGURE 6 in Two new species of Eutardigrada from Victoria Land, Antarctica

FIGURE 6. Milnesium validum sp. nov. A, Bucco-pharyngeal apparatus of the holotype (slide No. 4035). B, Claws of the second pair of legs of the holotype. The arrow indicates the cuticular bar near the claws. C, Claws of the hind legs of the holotype. D, Claws of the second pair of legs of a paratype (slide N. 4038). The arrow indicates a lunule. Scale bars = 10 µm.

FIGURE 7 in Two new species of Eutardigrada from Victoria Land, Antarctica

FIGURE 7. Milnesium brachyungue (paratype, slide No. 3944). A, Bucco-pharyngeal apparatus. B, Claws of the first pair of legs. C, Claws of the hind legs. Scale bars = 10 µm.