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Figure 62. Wendilgarda housaiyuae Lin & Li in Taxonomy notes on twenty-eight spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from Asia

Figure 62. Wendilgarda housaiyuae Lin & Li, sp. nov., live specimen, paratype female. Photo: Tongyao Jiang.

Figure 59. Wendilgarda housaiyuae Lin & Li in Taxonomy notes on twenty-eight spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from Asia

Figure 59. Wendilgarda housaiyuae Lin & Li, sp. nov., holotype male, left palp. A. Prolateral view; B. Ventral view; C. Retrolateral view. Abbreviations: C—conductor; E—embolus; MA—median apophysis; ST—subtegulum; T—tegulum. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Figure 61. Wendilgarda housaiyuae Lin & Li in Taxonomy notes on twenty-eight spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from Asia

Figure 61. Wendilgarda housaiyuae Lin & Li, sp. nov., habitus, dorsal view. A. Holotype male; B. Paratype female. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figure 60. Wendilgarda housaiyuae Lin & Li in Taxonomy notes on twenty-eight spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from Asia

Figure 60. Wendilgarda housaiyuae Lin & Li, sp. nov., paratype female. A. Epigyne, ventral view; B. Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD—copulatory duct; CO—copulatory opening; FD—fertilization duct; S—spermatheca; Sc—scape. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

FIG. 2 in Trolling for water striders: active searching for prey and the evolution of reduced webs in the spider Wendilgarda sp. (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae)

FIG. 2. Probable sequence of attachments by W. sp. near the water surface (schematic and not to scale). It was not clear from behavioural observations whether line a±b was doubled (as in drawing A) or broken and replaced (as it probably is in W. clara); nor was it certain whether point c was on the surface of the water or, more likely, just above it (see ®gure 7). It was con®rmed repeatedly, however, that the sticky line c±d (with balls in drawing C) was added to the non-sticky line rather than replacing it, as the sticky line was seen sagging brie¯y away from the straight vertical line. In two cases favourable lighting angles and background allowed con®rmation that line b±c was added to rather than replaced the line or lines laid just previously (a±b).

FIG. 7 in Trolling for water striders: active searching for prey and the evolution of reduced webs in the spider Wendilgarda sp. (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae)

FIG. 7. Microscopic views of silk on slides (stippled 5 puddles of sticky material; black masses 5 attachment discs, except for (E) where they 5 sticky material). (A) Lines of W. sp. ¯are away from central vertical line within masses of sticky material. (B) Attachment of W. sp. to water, showing attachment disc (presumed initiation of sticky silk) at bottom tip of vertical line. (C) Attachment of BCI creek W. sp. to water, showing attachment disc higher on vertical line and more sparse radial lines. (D) Attachment disc on a slack vertical line of W. sp. above section with sticky balls (e.g. d in ®gure 2), showing greater curliness of non-sticky lines. (E) Puddles of sticky material on a vertical line of W. sp., showing strong concentration of material at lower end of the line. Scale for (A), (C) and (D) at upper left.

FIG. 9 in Trolling for water striders: active searching for prey and the evolution of reduced webs in the spider Wendilgarda sp. (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae)

FIG. 9. Stages of the production of a second vertical line (A±D) and the initiation of a third line (E) by W. clara. The tight new vertical line (A, B) pulled the suspension line downward as the spider made the second descent; the tension then diminished and the angle in the suspension line became less acute (C; compare with B) as the spider extended the vertical line and then moved along the suspension line toward the previous vertical line (C). The spider apparently reeled up the suspension line as it then moved away from line 2 (D), because the white speck at the top of the new vertical line (dots in A±C) disappeared, and a white speck (presumably the accumulated reeled up silk) moved with the spider to the site where the next vertical line was laid (E). The positions of the white specks on the suspension line with respect to the vertical line in (A) ±(C) were not determined by direct observation; they are guesses based on the directions in which the specks moved and new lines were carried.

FIG. 5 in Trolling for water striders: active searching for prey and the evolution of reduced webs in the spider Wendilgarda sp. (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae)

FIG. 5. Probable mechanism used by spiders to jerk objects up out of the water (schematic). The spider ®rst reeled up the line, and thus tensed the entire line. When it then released this silk suddenly, the greater elasticity of the much longer line above the spider caused the spider to be displaced upward (arrow). The momentum of its body produced an upward jerk on the object when the line below its body became tight. This interpretation is tentative, because it was not possible to verify directly that the reeled up line was not broken (as in the drawing).

FIG. 8 in Trolling for water striders: active searching for prey and the evolution of reduced webs in the spider Wendilgarda sp. (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae)

FIG. 8. Tips of radial lines of an attachment of W. sp. to water, showing how they were progressively thinner near their tips (scale 5 0.05 mm).

FIG. 4 in Trolling for water striders: active searching for prey and the evolution of reduced webs in the spider Wendilgarda sp. (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae)

FIG. 4. Production of successive vertical sticky lines (schematic and not to scale). After moving slightly toward previous vertical lines and attaching the vertical line it had just laid (2) to the suspension line, the spider turned 180ss, attached its dragline to the broken end of the suspension line (small dot at the top of vertical line 2), and released silk, causing the two vertical lines to move away from it (arrow in (A); large dot gives a ®xed point of reference). Then it joined the broken ends of the suspension line (small dot at top of vertical line 3 in (B)), and descended to the water to make the next vertical line. Exact sites of broken ends of lines are estimated, as they were not observed directly.

FIG. 3 in Trolling for water striders: active searching for prey and the evolution of reduced webs in the spider Wendilgarda sp. (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae)

FIG. 3. Construction of three types of webs (schematic and not to scale; black balls represent sticky material). (A) The spider climbs to the suspension line after laying an additional short line to the water that was attached to the ®rst vertical line a few centimetres above the water's surface. (B) Spider moves a second vertical line (arrow) so its upper end will be close to or attached to that of the ®rst vertical line. Usually the upper portions of the two vertical lines then merged, resulting in a con®guration like that in (A). (C) Three vertical lines were attached to the suspension line and not subsequently moved.

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FIG. 1 in Trolling for water striders: active searching for prey and the evolution of reduced webs in the spider Wendilgarda sp. (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae)

FIG. 1. Events during the descent to attach a line to the water surface (schematic and not to scale). The spider produced new silk more rapidly than it reeled up the line where it walked (lengths of arrows in A), causing it to descend in arcs (arrows in B and C) (dotted lines indicate later positions of web lines). The ®nal portion of the descent was straight downward at the end of a dragline (C).