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FIGURE 8 in Ovummuridae (calcareous microfossils) from the Much Wenlock Limestone Formation, Shropshire, UK

FIGURE 8. Photomicrographs of Ovummuridae left to open nomenclature within the MWL Fm. (A) = Open gen. 1, sunken apex of the dorsal chamber (DC) producing a 'love heart' shape. (B) = Open gen. 2, a square test shape. (C) = Open gen. 3, Triangular test shape. Dorsal chamber (DC) is separated from the ventral chamber (VC) by the septum like structure (ss). A possible transverse cross-sectional cut of M. cameroni. (D) = Open gen. 4, open DC of an elongate specimen. Possibly due to cross-sectional cuts. Flanges (fl) creating an opening at the apex of the DC. (E and F) = Open gen. 5 = Three-chambered variant (E) in which the dorsal chamber (DC) is fully split into a smaller chamber (sc) by the septum like structure (ss). A ventral chamber (VC) is still observable. A two-chambered variant (F) of this form showing various morphological differences. A third chamber is not observed. Sparitic matrix (sp); Biosparitic matrix (bsp). All scale bars equal 50 µm.

FIGURE 7 in Ovummuridae (calcareous microfossils) from the Much Wenlock Limestone Formation, Shropshire, UK

FIGURE 7. (A) = Photomicrographs of Munneckella tribuscamera within the MWL Fm., these specimens are from Harton Hollow (A and B), Strefford Quarry (C) and Eaton Top (D). (A) = M. tribuscamera with two septum-like structures (ss) forming a three-chambered morphology consisting of a slightly larger central chamber (CC) and two smaller, often dome or cone-shaped peripheral chambers (PC). (B) = M. tribuscamera with three unequal sized chambers and varying wall thickness. An apical aperture is present in one of the peripheral chambers. (C) = Large specimen of M. tribuscamera with conical PC. (D) = M. tribuscamera. with slightly thickened thicker than normal walls. Sparitic matrix (sp); Biosparitic matrix (bsp). All scale bars equal 50 µm.

FIGURE 6 in Ovummuridae (calcareous microfossils) from the Much Wenlock Limestone Formation, Shropshire, UK

FIGURE 6. Photomicrographs of Natantesprifmata rogersi (A-D) and Hartonella oblonga (E-H) within the MWL Fm., these specimens are from Longville Stanway (A), Longville Stanway Track (B), Eaton Top (C), Moorwood Quarry (D) and Harton Hollow (E-H). (A) = N. rogersi with a prismatic dorsal chamber (DC) separated from the conical ventral chamber (VC) by a septum-like structure (ss). Apical aperture is present in the DC. (B) = N. rogersi with pyrite within the walls (pyw) of the test. Thickened walls (tw) are present around DC. Note quartz grains (qtz) within the DC infill. (C, D) = N. rogersi showing the typical kite-like shape. (E, F) = H. oblonga showing a large elongated dorsal chamber (DC) separated by a septum-like structure (ss) from its smaller globular ventral chamber. (G) H. oblonga with a pointed VC and a smoother, more oval DC. Bivalve fragment (bv) (top right). (H) An H. oblonga with a thicker than normal wall and elongated ss. Specimen of mg is neighbouring H. oblonga (bottom centre). Sparitic matrix (sp); Biosparitic matrix (bsp). All scale bars equal 50 µm.

FIGURE 3 in Ovummuridae (calcareous microfossils) from the Much Wenlock Limestone Formation, Shropshire, UK

FIGURE 3. Photomicrographs of Ovummurus duoportius within the MWL Fm. showing this species typical morphology and characteristic. These specimens are from: Longville Stanway (A and B) and Moorwood Quarry (C and D). (A) = Ovummurus duoportius exhibiting two chambers (C1 and C2) separated by a septal structure (ss) with an apical aperture (ap) present in C2. All specimens here are found within a sparitic (sp) grainstone matrix. (B) = O. duoportius with thickened. (C) = Longitudinal cross section showing the equal-sized chambers present within O. duoportius. (D) = O. duoportius specimen with pyrite growth within C2. All scale bars equal 50 µm.

FIGURE 4 in Ovummuridae (calcareous microfossils) from the Much Wenlock Limestone Formation, Shropshire, UK

FIGURE 4. Photomicrographs of Minourella gotlandica (A-D), Minourella wenlockensis (E-G) and Minorella cameroni (H) within the MWL Fm., these specimens are from Eaton Top (A, B and C), Longville Stanway Track (D and F), Moorwood Quarry (E and G) and Harton Hollow (H). (A) = M. gotlandica (mg) specimen near a bryozoan (bry) within a spiritic matrix (sp) highlighting the similarities in wall structure, (B) = M. gotlandica with a larger globular dorsal chamber (DC) separated from the smaller globular ventral chamber (VC) by a septum like structure (ss). Sparitic (sp) matrix. Specimen has a pyritic wall. (C) = M. gotlandica with an aperture (ap) within the VC. (D) = Thickened walls of the dorsal chamber with an apical aperture (ap). (E) = Sectional cut through M. wenlockensis highlighting the conical ventral chamber (VC) in contrast to the globular dorsal chamber (DC) separated by septum like structure (ss) within a sparitic (sp). (F) = Apertures present in both DC and VC. Note pyritic growth within the specimen walls. (G) = M. wenlockensis with an apical aperture (ap) within the DC. Matrix comprised of sparite. (H) = M. cameroni Longitudinal transverse sectional cut through M. cameroni exhibiting the conical nature of the test. Lateral dorsal chamber (LDC) is separated from the ventral chamber (VC) by a septum like structure (ss). Sparitic infill of the LDC and VC from the surrounding sparitic (sp) matrix. All scale bars equal 50 µm.

FIGURE 2 in Ovummuridae (calcareous microfossils) from the Much Wenlock Limestone Formation, Shropshire, UK

FIGURE 2. The original measurements taken by Munnecke et al. (2000) from each individual specimen of Ovummuridae based on Minourella gotlandica (left) and modified measurements for Ovummurus duoportius (right). The measurements recorded are: overall height (H) and width (w) of the specimen, height (H1 and H2) and width (w1 and w2) of both internal chambers, the thickness of the wall in three loci: overall thickness of the wall (th1), thickness of the septum separating the two chambers (th3) and the thickness between the wall and the chamber (th2) and finally the size of the aperture (ap). (After Munnecke et al., 2000).

FIGURE 1 in Ovummuridae (calcareous microfossils) from the Much Wenlock Limestone Formation, Shropshire, UK

FIGURE 1. Area of study. A – Highlights the position of Wenlock Edge within the English Midlands and Welsh Marches. B – Shows the Off-Reef tract where thin samples studied in this paper originate from. C – Inset in A, highlights the exposures of the Much Wenlock Limestone Formation in the English Midlands and Welsh Marches.

FIGURE 5 in Ovummuridae (calcareous microfossils) from the Much Wenlock Limestone Formation, Shropshire, UK

FIGURE 5. Photomicrographs of Arouxina pluricellata (A-F) and Samtlebenella circumcamerata (G-H) within the MWL Fm., these specimens are from Longville Stanway Track (A), Moorwood Quarry (B, C, E and H), Harton Hollow (D and G) and Strefford Quarry (H). (A) = Sectional cut through A. pluricellata highlighting the multiple hemispherical chambers (HC) surrounding the globular dorsal chamber (DC) and ventral chamber (VC). HC can form concentrically. Occasional apical apertures (ap) are observed within the DC.The bulbous growth are associated with several walls. (B) = Thickened A. pluricellata specimen with six HC surrounding the central DC and VC. Note the presence of pyrite within a few of the HC. Matrix comprised solely of sparite. (C) = An elongate A. pluricellata test with three HC. (D) = Specimen of A. pluricellata highlighting the disjointed nature of the surrounding HC. (E) = A. pluricellata with a single HC chamber but exhibits an ap within both VC and DC. (F) = A. pluricellata specimen with thinner walled HC compared to the walls surrounding the DC and VC. (G) = S. circumcamerata resembling Darth Vader's helmet. Presence of HC within the walls surrounding the DC. (H) = Thick walled specimen of S. circumcamerata with a partially preserved VC and two chambers (c) are visible within the walls surrounding the DC. Sparitic matrix = (sp). All scale bars equal 50 µm.

Fig. 2 in A new type of colony in Silurian (upper Wenlock) retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus from Poland

Fig. 2. Retiolitid graptolites Spinograptus tubothecalis sp. nov. and Spinograptus clathrospinosus Eisenack, 1951 from the Gołdap IG−1 borehole, Poland. A, B, D, E. Spinograptus tubothecalis sp. nov., depth 1267.0 m, Colonograptus deubeli Biozone, Wenlock. A. ZPAL G. 47/1, holotype, stereopair of obverse view of finite rhabdosome, proximal lateral orifice (arrow) (A1); proximal view of rhabdosome (A2), outer ancora arrowed; proximal view of isolated last theca and nema (A); ancora umbrella and dense outer ancora at th 11 side of rhabdosome (arrow) (A). B. ZPAL G. 47/5, th 11 side view of proximal 3 4 part of rhabdosome showing dense outer ancora and pre−thecal ventral orifice overgrown by reticulum (arrow) (B1), rudimentary transverse rod (arrow) (B). D. ZPAL G. 47/8, th 12 side view of proximal part of rhabdosome showing overgrown pre−thecal ventral orifice (arrow). E. ZPAL G. 47/9, proximal 2 view of immature rhabdosome showing ancora umbrella and outer ancora starting to grow (arrow). C. Spinograptus clathrospinosus Eisenack, 1951, ZPAL G. 47/10, depth 1259.0 m, Colonograptus ludensis Biozone, Wenlock, open−ended rhabdosome with three pairs of thecae, lateral view (C1), obverse view of proximal end of rhabdosome (C) showing ancora umbrella and outer ancora at th 11 side of rhabdosome.

Fig. 5 in A new type of colony in Silurian (upper Wenlock) retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus from Poland

Fig. 5. Drawing of retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus tubothecalis sp. nov., in obverse view, with reconstructed membranes. The ancora umbrella membrane is hypothetical. Note the short finite rhabdosome with characteristic two last tube−shaped thecae without genicular processes and very small and narrow appendix. Drawing AK.

Fig. 1 in A new type of colony in Silurian (upper Wenlock) retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus from Poland

Fig. 1. Stratigraphical sequence of the Spinograptus species, with new data from this paper and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk 1997: fig. 12. The ranges of Spinograptus spinosus (Wood, 1900) and S. clathrospinosus Eisenack, 1951 reach the Saetograptus linearis–Monograptus ceratus Biozone in the Arctic Canada (Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk 2004), which is not marked herein.

Fig. 3 in A new type of colony in Silurian (upper Wenlock) retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus from Poland

Fig. 3. Retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus tubothecalis sp. nov. rhabdosomes (A–D) showing thecal membranes (brown) and Spinograptus spinosus (Wood, 1900) (E, F) showing morphological details. A, B, D. Fragments of rhabdosomes from Prągowiec 2, Colonograptus deubeli Biozone. A. ZPAL G. 47/2, well preserved proximal end and three pairs of thecae obverse (A1) and reverse (A2) views, metasicula arrowed. B. ZPAL G. 47/3, tuboid distal theca arrowed. D. ZPAL G. 47/4, well preserved membranes and tuboid distal theca. C. Finite rhabdosome, holotype from Gołdap IG−1 borehole (1267.0 m), Colonograptus deubeli Biozone, ZPAL G. 47/1, obverse view with isolated distal theca (arrow). E. Spinograptus spinosus (Wood, 1900) from Gołdap IG−1 borehole (1250.0 m) Neodiversograptus nilssoni–Lobograptus progenitor Biozone, ZPAL G. 47/12, morphology of ventral wall. F. Spinograptus spinosus (Wood, 1900) from Jarosławiec K2, ZPAL G. 47/11, young rhabdosome, dotted lines show possible broken spines. Light microscope pictures (A–D), SEM pictures (E, F).

Fig. 4 in A new type of colony in Silurian (upper Wenlock) retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus from Poland

Fig. 4. Retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus tubothecalis sp. nov. from Prągowiec 2, Colonograptus deubeli Biozone. A. ZPAL G. 47/6, paratype, distal end of rhabdosome with three well preserved thecae on one side and small appendix; distal view (A1), view towards the inside of last theca (A2), lateral view of whole specimen (A3), stereopair of the better preserved thecae (A4). B. ZPAL G. 47/7, distal end of rhabdosome with two last thecae and terminal structure; distal view of the whole fragment (B1); view to the inside of last theca (B2); terminal structure (B3).

Fig. 3 in Evolution of the retiolitid Neogothograptus (Graptolithina) and its new species from the upper Wenlock of Poland, Baltica

Fig. 3. SEM micrographs showing comparison of the genicular hoods of mature rhabdosomes of Neogothograptus Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 1995 species (A–D) and Gothograptus nassa Holm, 1890 (E). A, B. Neogothograptus eximinassa Maletz, 2008, Baltic erratic boulder from Wetterhammer, Thuringia, Germany, Colonograptus ludensis–Monograptus gerhardi Biozone. C, D. Neogothograptus reticulatus sp. nov. C. ZPAL G. 41/7, Bartoszyce borehole 1630.7 m, Colonograptus praedeubeli Biozone. D. ZPAL G 41/2, Baltic erratic boulder 59, Jarosławiec, Poland. E. Gothograptus nassa, Bartoszyce borehole 1655.8 m, Pristiograptus dubius– Gothograptus nassa Biozone, whole hood (E1) and enlargement showing bandages covering hood (E2).

Fig. 1 in Evolution of the retiolitid Neogothograptus (Graptolithina) and its new species from the upper Wenlock of Poland, Baltica

Fig. 1. Silurian paleogeographic map, showing occurrences of Gothograptus nassa and Neogothograptus. Localities and graptolite data derived from the following literature sources: 1, Arctic Canada: Lenz 1993; Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk 2004; 2, Nevada: Berry and Murphy 1975; 3, Southern Sweden (Baltica): Holm 1890; 4, Northeastern Poland (Baltica): Kozłowska−Dawidziuk 1995; 5, United Kingdom: Warren 1971; 6, Southern Portugal: Gutiérrez−Marco et al. 1996; 7, Southern Spain: Gutiérrez−Marco et al. 1996; 8, Thuringia (Saxothuringia): Jaeger 1991; 9, Bohemia: KozłowskaDawidziuk et al. 2001; 10, Kazakhstan: Koren' et al. 2003; 11, Kyrgyzstan: (AL personal observation 1995); 12, South China: Zhang and Lenz 1997; 13, Southeastern Australia: Rickards et al. 1995; 14, Tunisia, Morocco and Libya: Waterlot 1945, Jaeger et al. 1975.

Fig. 7 in Evolution of the retiolitid Neogothograptus (Graptolithina) and its new species from the upper Wenlock of Poland, Baltica

Fig. 7. SEM micrographs of rhabdosome fragments of Neogothograptus reticulatus sp. nov., Bartoszyce borehole 1630.7 m, Colonograptus praedeubeli Biozone. A. Distal end of mature rhabdosome with five pairs of thecae, and beginning of the appendix, ZPAL G. 41/7 (A1); enlargement of distal part showing long reticulated apertural hoods (A2). B. Distal end of young rhabdosome with three pairs of thecae and growing appendix, ZPAL G. 41/8 (B1); enlargement of distal part with small appendix and central nema (B2).

Fig. 6 in Evolution of the retiolitid Neogothograptus (Graptolithina) and its new species from the upper Wenlock of Poland, Baltica

Fig. 6. SEM micrographs of rhabdosomes Neogothograptus reticulatus sp. nov. (A–C, E), and Colonograptus praedeubeli Jaeger, 1990 (F) from Baltic erratic boulder, Jarosławiec 59, Colonograptus praedeubeli Biozone, upper Homerian, Wenlock, Poland. A. Stereopair of lateral view of most distal end with four pairs of thecae, ZPAL G. 41/2. B. Fragment of appendix possibly belonging to Neogothograptus reticulatus, ZPAL G. 41/3. C. Stereopair of lateral view of most distal end with five thecae, with long reticulated hoods, and beginning of the appendix, ZPAL G. 41/4, lateral view (C1), view of the inside (C2). D. Lateral view of proximal end with two pairs of thecae, ZPAL G. 41/5, view of ancora from the inside (D1), enlargement of the hood list with pustules (D2). E. Enlargement of the ancora sleeve list with poorly developed pustules, ZPAL G. 41/6. F. lateral view of Colonograptus praedeubeli, rhabdosome of young colony with two thecae.

Fig. 9 in Evolution of the retiolitid Neogothograptus (Graptolithina) and its new species from the upper Wenlock of Poland, Baltica

Fig. 9. SEM micrographs of fragments of rhabdosomes of Neogothograptus alatiformis Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 2004, Baltic erratic boulder 62 from Jarosławiec, Poland, Ludlow. A. Proximal end with outer ancora, lateral view; ventral view (A1), showing ventral orifice closed by reticulum (A2), enlargement of ancora list (A3). B. Enlargement of appendix, distal view (B1), lateral view of appendix (B2). C. Singular apertural process on geniculum, lip with short mid−ventral visible from inside (C1); inside view of fusellar nature of apertural process (C2). D. Ventral and lateral part of rhabdosome with aperture and apertural process.

Fig. 8 in Evolution of the retiolitid Neogothograptus (Graptolithina) and its new species from the upper Wenlock of Poland, Baltica

Fig. 8. SEM micrographs of rhabdosomes of Neogothograptus thorsteinssoni Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 2004, Bartoszyce borehole 1598.0 m, Neodiversograptus nilssoni Biozone. A. Obverse view of finite rhabdosome with five pairs of thecae and appendix, lateral−ventral view. B. Lateral view of distal end of rhabdosome with appendix and nema (B1); enlargement of distal part of appendix with thick nema (B2). C. Ventral−lateral view of distal part of rhabdosome with appendix. D. Proximal part of reverse side of rhabdosome with three pairs of thecae (D1); enlargement of ancora region with outer ancora, and first theca (D2).

Fig. 5 in Evolution of the retiolitid Neogothograptus (Graptolithina) and its new species from the upper Wenlock of Poland, Baltica

Fig. 5. SEM micrographs of proximal fragment of rhabdosome Neogothograptus reticulatus sp. nov., ZPAL G. 41/1, Bardo, Prągowiec, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, Colonograptus praedeubeli Biozone. Stereopair of reverse view: ventral view of the thecae 11 side (A), stereopair of obverse view (B); outer ancora edge on thecae 12 side, ancora with outer ancora partly destroyed, view from outside (C), closure of proximal end showing outer ancora and reticulum closing orifices, obverse view (D), inside view howing thecal lip, geniculum, and med−ventral list (E), closure of proximal mid−ventral−list (F).