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What Controls the Mean East–West Sea Surface Temperature Gradient in the Equatorial Pacific: The Role of Cloud Albedo
<p>Climatologies for the climate model simulations performed by Burls and Fedorov 2014, Journal of Climate, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00255.1">https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00255.1</a>. This table shows how the names of the simulation files provided in this dataset relate to the experiment names provided in Table 1 of Burls and Fedorov (2014, JOC).</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">Experiment # in Article (Table 1)</th> <th scope="col">Name of Files</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>PreInd_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>80p_op_LWP_1590deg_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>60p_op_LWP_1590deg_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>40p_op_LWP_1590deg_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>20p_op_LWP_1590deg_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>20p_LWP_1590deg_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>40p_LWP_1590deg_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>60p_LWP_1590deg_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>80p_LWP_1590deg_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>20p_ILWP_1590deg_tropx2_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>40p_ILWP_1590deg_tropx2_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>60p_ILWP_1590deg_tropx2_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>80p_ILWP_1590deg_tropx2_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>20p_ILWP_1590deg_tropx4_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>40p_ILWP_1590deg_tropx4_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>60p_ILWP_1590deg_tropx4_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>80p_ILWP_1590deg_tropx4_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>20p_ILWP_3060deg_tropx8_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>40p_ILWP_3060deg_tropx8_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>60p_ILWP_3060deg_tropx8_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>80p_ILWP_3060deg_tropx8_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td>PreInd_0.9x1.25_gx1v6*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td>40p_LWP_1590deg_0.9x1.25_gx1v6*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td>60p_LWP_1590deg_0.9x1.25_gx1v6*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td>40p_ILWP_1590deg_tropx2_0.9x1.25_gx1v6*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td>60p_ILWP_1590deg_tropx2_0.9x1.25_gx1v6*.nc</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Article abstract:</p> <p>The mean east–west sea surface temperature gradient along the equator is a key feature of tropical climate. Tightly coupled to the atmospheric Walker circulation and the oceanic east–west thermocline tilt, it effectively defines tropical climate conditions. In the Pacific, its presence permits the El Niño–Southern Oscillation phenomenon. What determines this temperature gradient within the fully coupled ocean–atmosphere system is therefore a central question in climate dynamics, critical for understanding past and future climates. Using a comprehensive coupled model [Community Earth System Model (CESM)], the authors demonstrate how the meridional gradient in cloud albedo between the tropics and midlatitudes (Δα) sets the mean east–west sea surface temperature gradient in the equatorial Pacific. To change Δα in the numerical experiments, the authors change the optical properties of clouds by modifying the atmospheric water path, but only in the shortwave radiation scheme of the model. When Δα is varied from approximately −0.15 to 0.1, the east–west SST contrast in the equatorial Pacific reduces from 7.5°C to less than 1°C and the Walker circulation nearly collapses. These experiments reveal a near-linear dependence between Δα and the zonal temperature gradient, which generally agrees with results from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) preindustrial control simulations. The authors explain the close relation between the two variables using an energy balance model incorporating the essential dynamics of the warm pool, cold tongue, and Walker circulation complex.</p>
Fig. 7. A–F in Perotrochus caledonicus (Gastropoda: Pleurotomariidae) revisited: descriptions of new species from the South-West Pacific
Fig. 7. A–F. Perotrochus caledonicus Bouchet & Métivier, 1982. A–B. MNHN-IM-2000-1262, holotype (H = 31.2 mm). C–D. MNHN-IM-2007-36300 (H = 51.2 mm). E–F. MNHN-IM-2007-36301 (H = 47.5 mm). — G–L. Perotrochus deforgesi Métivier, 1990. G–H. MNHN-IM-2000-1391, holotype (H = 33.9 mm). I–J. MNHN-IM-2007-32062 (H = 33.7 mm). K–L. MNHN-IM-2007-32085 (H = 25.1 mm).
Fig. 3 in Perotrochus caledonicus (Gastropoda: Pleurotomariidae) revisited: descriptions of new species from the South-West Pacific
Fig. 3. Perotrochus wareni sp. nov., MNHN-IM-2007-36460, holotype (H = 50.3 mm). A–D. Teleoconch. E. Slit. F. Protoconch.
Fig. 5 in Perotrochus caledonicus (Gastropoda: Pleurotomariidae) revisited: descriptions of new species from the South-West Pacific
Fig. 5. Perotrochus pseudogranulosus sp. nov., MNHN-IM-2009-7495, holotype (H = 54.3 mm). A–D. Teleoconch. E. Slit. F. Protoconch.
Fig. 4 in Perotrochus caledonicus (Gastropoda: Pleurotomariidae) revisited: descriptions of new species from the South-West Pacific
Fig. 4. Perotrochus wareni sp. nov., paratypes. A–B. MNHN-IM-2007-34680 (H = 28.2 mm). C–D. MNHN-IM-2007-34684 (H = 43.8 mm). E–F. MNHN-IM-2007-34685 (H = 21.5 mm). G–H. MNHN-IM-2007-36456 (H = 55.1 mm). I–J. MNHN-IM-2007-36461 (H = 48.8 mm).
Fig. 7 in Two new species of shrimp of the Indo-West Pacific genus Hamodactylus Holthuis, 1952 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae)
Fig. 7. Hamodactylus pseudaqabai sp. nov., ♂, allotype (PoCL 1.4 mm, N. Sulawesi, RMNH. CRUS.D.57007) (A, F–G), and ovigerous ♀ (PoCL 2.2 mm, Sabah, Malaysia, RMNH.CRUS.D.53969) (B–E). A–B. Carapace and rostrum, lateral view. C. Anterior carapace and appendages, dorsal view. D. Tail fan, dorsal view. E. Same as previous, tip of telson. F. First male pleopod. G. Second male pleopod. Scale bars: A–C = 2 mm; D = 1.25 mm; E = 0.25 mm; F–G = 1 mm.
Fig. 4 in Two new species of shrimp of the Indo-West Pacific genus Hamodactylus Holthuis, 1952 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae)
Fig. 4. Hamodactylus paraqabai sp. nov., ♀, paratype (PoCL 1.6 mm, Madang, Papua New Guinea, MNHN-IU-2013-11090), mouthparts. A. Mandible. B. Same as previous, turned. C. Same as previous,
Fig. 2 in Two new species of shrimp of the Indo-West Pacific genus Hamodactylus Holthuis, 1952 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae)
Fig. 2. Hamodactylus paraqabai sp. nov., ovigerous ♀, holotype (PoCL 1.5 mm; Madang, Papua New Guinea). A. Carapace and rostrum, lateral. B. Anterior cephalothorax and appendages, dorsal. C. Sixth abdominal segment, telson and uropod, dorsal. D. Posterior part of telson, dorsal. E. Antennule, detail of distolateral angle of proximal segment and lateral border of intermediate segment. F. Distolateral angle of uropodal exopod, dorsal. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Fig. 9 in Two new species of shrimp of the Indo-West Pacific genus Hamodactylus Holthuis, 1952 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae)
Fig. 9. Hamodactylus pseudaqabai sp. nov., ovigerous ♀, paratype (PoCL 2.2 mm, Sabah, Malaysia, RMNH.CRUS.D.53969). A. Chela of left first pereiopod. B. Same as previous, detail of fingers. C. Right second pereiopod. D. Same as previous, detail of chela. E. Right third pereiopod. F. Same as previous, dactylus and distal part of propodus. Scale bars: A, C, E = 1 mm; B, D, F = 0.25 mm.
Fig. 11 in Two new species of shrimp of the Indo-West Pacific genus Hamodactylus Holthuis, 1952 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae)
Fig. 11. Results of molecular analyses of Hamodactylus spp. A. Phylogenetic tree resolved by Maximum Likelihood based on COI sequence data with the HKY+I+G substitution model (bootstrap values are expressed as percentages in the order ML/BI; GenBank accession numbers are provided for all specimens; newly described species are in bold). B. Median-joining haplotype network showing phylogenetic relationships among haplotypes of the COI gene of two new species of Hamodactylus (yellow colour denotes haplotypes sampled in Madang Lagoon, Papua New Guinea; green in Lizard Island, Australia; blue in Sabah, Malaysia; red in Sulawesi, Indonesia); small black circles represent missing (hypothesised) haplotypes to connect existing sequences within the network with maximum parsimony.
Fig. 10 in Two new species of shrimp of the Indo-West Pacific genus Hamodactylus Holthuis, 1952 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae)
Fig. 10. Colour pattern of three relatives of the genus Hamodactylus. — A. H. aqabai Bruce & Svoboda, 1983, ovigerous ♀ (UO Aq09-55) on alcyonacean coral Nephthea sp., Aqaba, Red Sea. — B–C. H. paraqabai sp. nov., ovigerous ♀♀, Madang, Papua New Guinea, on Nephthea sp. B. Holotype (MNHN-IU-2013-11092). C. Paratype (MNHN-IU-2013-11090). — D. H. pseudaqabai sp. nov., ovigerous ♀, holotype, N. Sulawesi, Indonesia (RMNH.CRUS.D.57195). Photos: Z. Ďuriš (A), T.-
Fig. 8 in Two new species of shrimp of the Indo-West Pacific genus Hamodactylus Holthuis, 1952 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae)
Fig. 8. Hamodactylus pseudaqabai sp. nov., ovigerous ♀, paratype (PoCL 2.2 mm, Sabah, Malaysia, RMNH.CRUS.D.53969), mouthparts. A. Left mandible, ventral view. B. Same as previous, detail of molar process. C. Right maxillula, ventral view. D. Right maxilla, ventral view, posterior lobe of scaphognathite lost in dissection. E. Right first maxilliped, ventral view. F. Right second maxilliped,
Fig. 5 in Two new species of shrimp of the Indo-West Pacific genus Hamodactylus Holthuis, 1952 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae)
Fig. 5. Hamodactylus paraqabai sp. nov., Ƌ (PoCL 1.1 mm, Lizard Is., Australia, MTQ-33218). A. Carapace and rostrum, lateral. B. First pleopod. C. Same as previous, endopod. D. Second pleopod. E. Same as previous, appendices interna and masculina.
Fig. 3 in Two new species of shrimp of the Indo-West Pacific genus Hamodactylus Holthuis, 1952 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae)
Fig. 3. Hamodactylus paraqabai sp. nov., ovigerous ♀, holotype (PoCL 1.5 mm; Madang, Papua New Guinea). A. Right first pereiopod. B. Same as previous, chela and carpus. C. Same as previous, fingers. D. Same as previous, detail of denticulations. E. Second pereiopod, lateral. F. Same as previous, dactylus and distal propodus. G. Third pereiopod. H. Same as previous, dactylus and distal propodus. I. Fifth pereiopod, dactylus and distal propodus.
Fig. 17 in Revision of the Siriella brevicaudata species group (Crustacea: Mysida: Mysidae) from the West Indo-Pacific
Fig. 17. Siriella muranoi sp. nov., holotype, ♂, length 5.5 mm, Port Essington, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, Australia. A. Endopod of pereopod 4, posterior view. B. Endopod of pereopod 5, posterior view. C. Endopod of pereopod 6, posterior view. D. Penis. E. Pleopod 3 (endopod not shown), lateral view. F. Pleopod 5 (endopod not shown), lateral view. G. Pleopod 5 (rami setae not shown), anterior view. Scale bars: A–D = 0.5 mm; E–G = 0.2 mm.
Fig. 16 in Revision of the Siriella brevicaudata species group (Crustacea: Mysida: Mysidae) from the West Indo-Pacific
Fig. 16. Siriella muranoi sp. nov., holotype, ♂, length 5.5 mm, Port Essington, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, Australia. A. Anterior part of maxilliped 2, posterior view. B. Endopod of pereopod 1, posterior view. C. Endopod of pereopod 2, posterior view. D. Endopod of pereopod 3, posterior view. Scale bars: A = 0.2 mm; B–D = 0.25 mm.
Fig. 15 in Revision of the Siriella brevicaudata species group (Crustacea: Mysida: Mysidae) from the West Indo-Pacific
Fig. 15. Siriella muranoi sp. nov., holotype, ♂, length 5.5 mm, Port Essington, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, Australia. A. Antenna 1 peduncle, dorsal view. B. Antenna 2 (peduncle and antennal scale), ventral view. C. Mandibles, left and right. D. Mandibular palp, lateral view. E. Labrum. F. Inner ramus of maxilla 1, posterior view. G. Distal part of maxilliped 1, posterior view. Scale bars: A–B, D = 0.25 mm; C, E–G = 0.2 mm.
Fig. 23 in Revision of the Siriella brevicaudata species group (Crustacea: Mysida: Mysidae) from the West Indo-Pacific
Fig. 23. Siriella tabaniocula sp. nov., holotype, ♀, length 6 mm, Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Telson. D. Uropodal endopod, dorsal view. E. Uropodal exopod, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B = 1 mm; C–E = 0.25 mm.
Fig. 20 in Revision of the Siriella brevicaudata species group (Crustacea: Mysida: Mysidae) from the West Indo-Pacific
Fig. 20. Siriella occulta sp. nov., holotype, ♂, length 6.5 mm, Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia. A. Pleopod 1, posterior view. B. Pleopod 4, posterior view. C. Uropodal endopod, dorsal view. D. Uropodal exopod, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.
Fig. 27 in Revision of the Siriella brevicaudata species group (Crustacea: Mysida: Mysidae) from the West Indo-Pacific
Fig. 27. Siriella talbotae sp. nov., holotype, ♂, length 5 mm, Lizard Island, Queensland, Australia. A. Mandibular palp, lateral view. B. Right mandible. C. Left mandible. D. Maxilla 1, anterior view. E. Endopod of maxilliped 2, posterior view. F. Endopod of pereopod 1, posterior view. G. Penis. Scale bars: A–D = 0.25 mm; E–G = 0.5 mm.
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