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14 results for “Wild apple”
Maintaining habitat diversity at small scales benefits wild bees and pollination services in mountain apple orchards
<p>In 2021, we conducted our study in apple orchards in South Tyrol, an Alpine region in Italy, using pan-traps, direct observations of visitation frequency, and a pollinator exclusion experiment. We investigated the scale-dependent effects of landscape heterogeneity and other parameters on wild bee assemblages and the related pollination service they provide at five spatial scales (radius 100 – 2,000 m).</p>
The occurrence data of wild apple in the Mountains of Central Asia Biodiversity Hotspot
<p><span>To obtain high-quality occurrence records for wild apple across its whole distribution range, we compiled data from field surveys, herbariums and the literature. The field surveys were conducted in all of the countries with wild apple distribution in Central Asia. Precisely, we had several exhaustive investigations of wild apple populations in Xinjiang, China from 2008 to 2021, including distribution range and abundance of wild apple across its whole elevational ranges in six counties. For herbarium data, we combined the records from Global Biodiversity Information Facility </span><span>and Chinese Virtual Herbarium</span><span>. Finally, we obtained 8344 occurrence records for wild apple. </span></p>
Data for: Wild bee communities benefit from temporal complementarity of hedges and flower strips in apple orchards
<p><span>1. </span>Wild bees importantly pollinate both crop and wild plants. Yet, in <span>intensive agricultural landscapes, wild bees are rare due to resource limitations of nectar and pollen. Flower strips and hedges are often used as resource enhancements for wild bees to overcome this shortage, but provide floral resources only during specific time periods. To sustain diverse and stable bee communities, bee-attractive flowers need to be available during the entire growing season. This may be achieved by combining flower strips and hedges to complement each other and provide continuous floral resources. </span></p> <p><span>2. </span><span>Over three subsequent years, we compared the phenology of flower and wild bee communities in perennial flower strips, hedges and improved hedges (complemented with a sown herb layer) in conventional apple orchards in Southern Germany, a pollination-dependent crop-system. </span></p> <p><span>3. </span><span>Hedges provided floral resources in the early season while the flower strips took over later in the season. </span></p> <p><span>4. </span><span>Bees visited the hedges mostly from March to June, whereas they visited the flower strips from June to August (first year), and in the second year already from April onwards. Flower strips were visited with an overall higher abundance and species richness than the improved and not modified hedges. </span></p> <p><span>5. </span><span>Synthesis and application</span><span>: For enhancing wild bees in intensive apple orchards, hedges and perennial flower strips are complementary in providing flower resources. Yet, flower strips bloom more constantly and during periods of flower scarcity, and thus attract more bees than hedges. Perennial flower strips of different age classes should be preferred over annual strips, at best in a network with some well-maintained hedges, as perennial flower strips of different age attract different bee communities and thus potentially a higher bee diversity on the landscape level. </span></p>
The occurrence data of wild apple in the Mountains of Central Asia Biodiversity Hotspot
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Honeybees interfere with wild bees in apple pollination in China
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Data for: Wild bee communities benefit from temporal complementarity of hedges and flower strips in apple orchards
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Data from: Postglacial recolonization history of the European crabapple (Malus sylvestris Mill.), a wild contributor to the domesticated apple
Understanding the way in which the climatic oscillations of the Quaternary Period have shaped the distribution and genetic structure of extant tree species provides insight into the processes driving species diversification, distribution and survival. Deciphering the genetic consequences of past climatic change is also critical for the conservation and sustainable management of forest and tree genetic resources, a timely endeavour as the Earth heads into a period of fast climate change. We used a combination of genetic data and ecological niche models to investigate the historical patterns of biogeographic range expansion of a wild fruit tree, the European crabapple (Malus sylvestris), a wild contributor to the domesticated apple. Both climatic predictions for the last glacial maximum and analyses of microsatellite variation indicated that M. sylvestris experienced range contraction and fragmentation. Bayesian clustering analyses revealed a clear pattern of genetic structure, with one genetic cluster spanning a large area in Western Europe and two other genetic clusters with a more limited distribution range in Eastern Europe, one around the Carpathian Mountains and the other restricted to the Balkan Peninsula. Approximate Bayesian computation appeared to be a powerful technique for inferring the history of these clusters, supporting a scenario of simultaneous differentiation of three separate glacial refugia. Admixture between these three populations was found in their suture zones. A weak isolation by distance pattern was detected within each population, indicating a high extent of historical gene flow for the European crabapple.
Pesticide risk during commercial apple pollination is greater for honeybees than other managed and wild bees
<p>Data and code relating to the manuscript “Pesticide risk during commercial apple pollination is greater for honeybees than other managed and wild bees”</p> <p>Files are organized as follows</p> <p><strong>input</strong> - contains the main data files.</p> <ul> <li> <p>all_pesticide2019.csv – contains the pesticide residue data for all samples</p> </li> <li> <p>LD50.csv – contains pesticide LD50s in PPB</p> </li> <li> <p>ld50_per_bee.csv – contains pesticide LD50s in ug / honeybee</p> </li> <li> <p>nesting_type.csv – lists nesting types of the different bee samples</p> </li> <li> <p>pesticide_type.csv – lists pesticides by their type</p> </li> <li> <p>short_name.csv – lists short bee names</p> <p><strong>folder “gis”</strong></p> <ul> <li>hive_distance_matrix.csv – distances from each orchard to other sites</li> <li>sitelocation.csv – contains coordinates of sites</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p><strong>code</strong> - contains the scripts to analyze the input files</p> <ul> <li>pesticide_analysis.R – is the main anaylsis for the paper</li> <li>unadjusted_pesticide_analysis.R – is a copy of most of the code above but without LD50 weight adjustements</li> </ul> <p><strong>ld50 adjust</strong> - contains the inputs and code for the ld50 adjustments I ran</p> <ul> <li>ld50_adjust.R – is the code to calculate our the adjustements</li> <li>2020_BeeTox_database_acute_contact_publication_final_R1.csv – is the data file taken from pamminger publication</li> </ul>
Data from: Anthropogenic and natural drivers of gene flow in a temperate wild fruit tree: a basis for conservation and breeding programs in apples
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Data from: Postglacial recolonization history of the European crabapple (Malus sylvestris Mill.), a wild contributor to the domesticated apple
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Data from: Crop-to-wild gene flow and spatial genetic structure in the closest wild relatives of the cultivated apple
Crop-to-wild gene flow have important evolutionary and ecological consequences and require careful consideration in conservation programs for wild genetic resources of potential use in breeding programs and in assessments of the risk of transgene escape into natural ecosystems. Using 26 microsatellites and a set of 1181 trees, we investigated the extent of introgression from the cultivated apple, Malus domestica, to its three closest wild relatives, M. sylvestris in Europe, M. orientalis in the Caucasus and M. sieversii in Central Asia. We found footprints of introgression from M. domestica to M. orientalis (3.2% of hybrids), M. sieversii (14.8%) and M. sylvestris (36.7%). Malus sieversii and M. orientalis presented weak but significant genetic structures across their geographic range. Malus orientalis displayed genetic differentiation with three differentiated populations in Turkey, Armenia and Russia. Malus sieversii consisted of a main population spread over Central Asia and a smaller population in the Tian Shan Mountains. The low Sp values suggest high dispersal capacities for the wild apple relatives. High potential for crop-to-wild gene flow in apples needs to be considered in the implementation of in situ and ex situ actions for the conservation of wild apple genetic resources potentially useful to plant breeding.
Data from: Phylogenetic analysis of 47 chloroplast genomes clarifies the contribution of wild species to the domesticated apple maternal line
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Data from: Crop-to-wild gene flow and spatial genetic structure in the closest wild relatives of the cultivated apple
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Data from: Crop-to-wild gene flow and its fitness consequences for a wild fruit tree: towards a comprehensive conservation strategy of the wild apple in Europe
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