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5 results for “Wildlife reservoir”
R scripts, input and output data for: Season of death, pathogen persistence and wildlife behaviour alter number of anthrax secondary infections from environmental reservoirs
<p>An important part of infectious disease management is predicting factors that influence disease outbreaks, such as <em>R</em>, the number of secondary infections arising from an infected individual. Estimating <em>R</em> is particularly challenging for environmentally transmitted pathogens given time lags between cases and subsequent infections. Here, we calculated <em>R</em> for <em>Bacillus anthracis</em> infections arising from anthrax carcass sites in Etosha National Park, Namibia. Combining host behavioural data, pathogen concentrations, and simulation models, we show that <em>R</em> is spatially and temporally variable, driven by spore concentrations at death, host visitation rates and early preference for foraging at infectious sites. While spores were detected up to a decade after death, most secondary infections occurred within two years. Transmission simulations under scenarios combining site infectiousness and host exposure risk under different environmental conditions led to dramatically different outbreak dynamics, from pathogen extinction (<em>R</em><1) to explosive outbreaks (<em>R</em>>10). These transmission heterogeneities may explain variation in anthrax outbreak dynamics observed globally, and more generally, the critical importance of environmental variation underlying host-pathogens interactions. Notably, our approach allowed us to estimate the lethal dose of a highly virulent pathogen non-invasively from observational studies and epidemiological data, useful when experiments on wildlife are undesirable or impractical.</p>
Fig. 2 in Natural history of Zoonotic Babesia: Role of wildlife reservoirs
Fig. 2. Babesia parasites in human erythrocytes. (a) B. divergens, (b) B. venatorum, (c) Babesia sp. MO1 from Kentucky, (d) B. microti, (e) B. duncani, (f) Babesia sp. KO1 from Korea. (1) Paired piriforms; (2) Tetrads; (3) Ring forms. The figure was reprinted with permission from Elsevier first published in Gray et al. (2010). The parasites shown in Fig. 2a, b, c, e, and f were assembled from original photographs, first published as follows: (a) Hunfeld et al., 2008; (b) Häselbarth et al., 2007; (c) Beattie et al., 2002; (e) Kjemtrup et al., 2002; (f) Kim et al., 2007.
Fig. 1 in Natural history of Zoonotic Babesia: Role of wildlife reservoirs
Fig. 1. Phylogenetic tree of Babesia and related piroplasms with zoonotic species bolded. The tree was constructed using neighbor-joining analysis of full-length 18S rRNA gene sequences extracted from GenBank (accession numbers listed for each species). For zoonotic representatives, the endemic country or region is listed in parentheses.
R scripts, input and output data for: Season of death, pathogen persistence and wildlife behaviour alter number of anthrax secondary infections from environmental reservoirs
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Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife, Reservoir Productivity Assessment Water Chemistry 2006-2007
Limnological data provided represent information collected during 2006–2007 for a total of 153 reservoirs. Some reservoirs were sampled in a single year, others were sampled in both years. Nearly all reservoirs were sampled during July or August near the dam at the deepest part of the reservoir. Additional samples for particular systems were taken in other months and at other sites (i.e., near the inflow). Many samples have complete Secchi transparencies, suspended solids (both total and non-volatile suspended solids), total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and chlorophyll a concentrations. Others are missing various parameters; some samples are represented by only a Secchi transparency measurement. Morphometric data and landuse/land cover data are provided for those systems where it had been previously compiled. All 153 reservoirs are represented in the provided lake shapefile whereas only 117 were included in the watershed shapefile. ' Over a 2-year period (2006 and 2007) we sampled 109 reservoirs (all Ohio reservoiurs > 10 ha), located throughout Ohio, USA, whose watersheds contain a variety of land cover types and a wide range of eutrophication levels. All reservoirs were sampled at least once during July or August in 2006 or 2007. … a subset of 34 of these reservoirs were sampled once in both 2006 and 2007. In addition, 10 reservoirs (“reference reservoirs”) were sampled at least once per month during July and August of both 2006 and 2007. Lakes were sampled by Miami personnel and DOW field crews (Districu3, District 4, and District 5).’
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OpenNeuro
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