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31 results for “Wind pollination”
Data for "Disrupted connectivity within a metapopulation of a wind-pollinated declining conifer Taxus baccata L."
<p>A spreadsheet contains microsatellite genotypes and population coordinates necessary for estimating seed and pollen migration rates. In addition, a spreadsheet contains detailed individual data necessary for parentage analysis.</p> <p>For more details, see:</p> <p>Chybicki IJ, Robledo-Arnuncio JJ, Bodziarczyk J, Widlak M, Meyza, K, Oleksa A, Ulaszewski B (2024) Disrupted connectivity within a metapopulation of a wind-pollinated declining conifer, Taxus baccata L. Forest Ecosystems 100240 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2197562024000769)</p>
Environmental variation in sex ratios and sexual dimorphism in three wind-pollinated dioecious plant species
<p>Variation in plant sex ratios is often attributable to sex-specific mortality in heterogeneous environments that differentially limit male and female plant reproduction. Yet sexual dimorphism and plastic responses to environmental heterogeneity are common and may co-vary with variation in sex ratios. Here, we show that the sex ratio and the degree of sexual dimorphism for a number of plant traits varied along climatic and elevation gradients in three wind-pollinated dioecious species, <em>Rumex lunaria</em>, <em>Urtica dioica</em> and <em>Salix helvetica</em>. Some of the observed sex-specific responses to climatic variation are consistent with greater sensitivity of females to water scarcity, but most responses rather point to the greater sensitivity of males to ecological stress, consistent with larger male reproductive effort, as has been commonly reported for wind-pollinated plants. In contrast, we found no evidence for variation in either sex ratios or sexual dimorphism expected under sexual selection. Interestingly, sex ratios and sexual dimorphism varied both along distinct and the same ecological axes of variation, suggesting that the evolution of sexual dimorphism in the measured traits was not sufficient to prevent sex-specific mortality.</p>
Mating and fitness consequences of variation in male allocation in a wind pollinated plant
<p>In hermaphrodites, the allocation of resources to each sex function can influence fitness through mating success. A prediction that arises from sex allocation theory is that in wind-pollinated plants, male fitness should increase linearly with investment of resources into male function but there have been few empirical tests of this prediction. In a field experiment we experimentally manipulated allocation to male function in Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed) and measured mating success in contrasting phenotypes using genetic markers. We investigated the effects of morphological traits and flowering phenology on male siring success, and on the diversity of mates. Our results provide evidence for a linear relation between allocation to male function, mating and fitness. We find earlier onset of male flowering time increases reproductive success, whereas later flowering increases the probability of mating with diverse individuals. Our study is among the first empirical studies testing the prediction of linear male fitness returns in wind pollinated plants and emphasize the importance of a large investment into male function by wind pollinated plants and mating consequences of temporal variation in sex allocation. </p>
Mating and fitness consequences of variation in male allocation in a wind pollinated plant
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Wind direction and strength determine the genetic structure of an insect-pollinated plant across heterogeneous landscape
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Environmental variation in sex ratios and sexual dimorphism in three wind-pollinated dioecious plant species
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Data for: Wind drives temporal variation in pollinator visitation in a fragmented tropical forest
<p>Data for "Wind drives temporal variation in pollinator visitation in a fragmented tropical forest." Files include:</p> <p>1. Data on orchid bee abundance and species identification.</p> <p>2. Data for collection sessions, including forest cover at each site, as well as wind data for the specific time period of the collection, and overall abundance counts, etc.</p> <p>3. R scripts to recreate statistical presented in the paper, using the two datasets described above.</p>
Data from: Fragmentation can increase spatial genetic structure without decreasing pollen-mediated gene flow in a wind-pollinated tree
Fragmentation reduces population sizes, increases isolation between habitats, and can result in restricted dispersal of pollen and seeds. Given that diploid seed dispersal contributes more to shaping fine-scale spatial genetic structure than haploid pollen flow, we tested whether fine-scale SGS can be sensitive to fragmentation even if extensive pollen dispersal is maintained. Castanopsis sclerophylla (Lindley & Paxton) Schottky (Fagaceae), a wind-pollinated and gravity seed-dispersed tree, was studied in an area of Southeast China where its populations have been fragmented to varying extents by human activity. Using different age classes of trees in areas subject to varying extents of fragmentation, we found no significant difference in genetic diversity between pre- and post-fragmentation C. sclerophylla subpopulations. Genetic differentiation among post-fragmentation subpopulations was also only slightly lower than among post-fragmentation subpopulations. In the most fragmented habitat, selfing rates were significantly higher than zero in pre-fragmentation, but not post-fragmentation, cohorts. These results suggest that fragmentation had not decreased gene flow among these populations and that pollen flow remains extensive. However, significantly greater fine-scale SGS was found in post-fragmentation subpopulations in the most fragmented habitat, but not in less fragmented habitats. This alteration in SGS reflected more restricted seed dispersal, induced by changes in the physical environments and the prevention of secondary seed dispersal by rodents. An increase in SGS can therefore result from more restricted seed dispersal, even in the face of extensive pollen flow, making it a sensitive indicator of the negative consequences of population fragmentation.
Data from: Pollen dispersal in fragmented populations of the dioecious wind-pollinated tree, Allocasuarina verticillata (drooping sheoak, drooping she-oak; Allocasuarinaceae)
Vegetation clearing, land modification and agricultural intensification have impacted on many ecological communities around the world. Understanding how species respond to fragmentation and the scales over which functionality is retained, can be critical for managing biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Allocasuarina verticillata (drooping sheoak, drooping she-oak) is a dioecious, wind-pollinated and -dispersed species with key conservation values across southeastern Australia. But vegetation clearing associated with agricultural expansion has reduced the abundance and spatial distribution of this species in many regions. Spatial genetic structure, relatedness among trees, pollen dispersal and mating patterns were examined in fragmented A. verticillata populations selected to represent the types of remnants that now characterise this species. Short scale spatial genetic structure (5–25 m) and relatedness among trees were observed in most populations. Unexpectedly, the two male trees closest to each female did not have a reproductive advantage accounting for only 4–15% of the seed produced in larger populations. Biparental inbreeding was also generally low (<4%) with limited evidence of seed crop domination by some male trees. More male trees contributed to seed crops in linear remnants (mean 17) compared to those from patch remnants (mean 11.3) which may reflect differences in pollen dispersal within the two remnant types. On average, pollen travels ~100 m irrespective of remnant type but was also detected to have dispersed as far as 1 km in open landscapes. Low biparental inbreeding, limited reproductive assurance for near-neighbour and probably related males and variability in the distances over which females sample pollen pools suggest that some mechanism to prevent matings between relatives exists in this species.
Data from: Individual chambers for controlling crosses in wind pollinated plants
Controlled plant crosses can be an important component of studies ranging from applied artificial selection research to evolutionary investigations of heritability. Controlling pollen flow is especially challenging for wind-pollinated species. We developed a system capable of housing hundreds of ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) plants simultaneously in individual chambers through the reproductive portion of their lifecycles. We confirmed that our chambers allowed us to control pollen movement and paternity of offspring using unpollinated isolated plants and microsatellite markers for parents and their putative offspring. Our system had per plant costs and efficacy superior to pollen bags used in past studies for wind pollinated plants. Our chamber system is flexible, affordable, and widely applicable to other wind pollinated plants, or applications in which the distribution of highly mobile species, individuals, spores, or gametes must be controlled.
Data from: Does population distribution matter? Influence of a patchy versus continuous distribution on genetic patterns in a wind-pollinated shrub
Aim: Uniform spatial population distributions are predicted to result in lower among-population genetic differentiation and higher within-population genetic diversity than naturally patchy distributions, but there have been surprisingly few attempts to isolate this effect from confounding factors. We studied the widespread wind-pollinated shrub Allocasuarina humilis that is common in a geologically-stable landscape characterised by long-term population persistence to test the influence of semi-continuous versus patchy population distributions on genetic patterns. We also investigated whether A. humilis shows the high population connectedness and genetic diversity typically associated with wind pollination, a relatively uncommon and little-studied syndrome in this landscape. Location: Heath-shrublands ('heath') and forests of south-western Australia. Methods: Populations were sampled from heath and forest regions, which respectively exhibited semi-continuous and patchy population distributions. Genetic structure and diversity were assessed for 27 populations using eight nuclear microsatellite markers and three chloroplast regions. Phylogeographic history was examined using Bayesian phylogeny reconstruction, parsimony analysis and tests of expansion. Results: High haplotype diversity is consistent with long-term population persistence across most of the species' range. Nuclear markers showed low overall population differentiation and no geographical structure over ~900 km, reflecting extensive pollen dispersal. For both marker types, patchily-distributed forest populations were substantially more differentiated with significantly lower within-population diversity than semi-continuous heath populations. Phylogeographic analysis revealed evidence for earlier colonization of heath than forest and recent expansion into wetter forests, consistent with progressive long-term climatic drying. Main conclusions: High population connectedness and genetic diversity probably resulted from wind pollination in combination with dioecy and long life span. Patchy population distributions appear to have influenced genetic structure and diversity through lower pollen and seed dispersal, lower effective population sizes and greater genetic drift. Our approach illustrates the value of minimising confounding variables by testing the effect of a variable ecological trait within a single species.
Data from: Effects of pollination intensity on offspring number and quality in a wind-pollinated herb
Low pollination intensity may cause low seed set in plant populations and is thought to be responsible for evolutionary transitions from outcrossing to selfing, or from animal to wind pollination. Variation in pollination intensity may also affect seed quality both through its influence on the degree of pollen competition (with lower quality offspring produced under low pollen intensities) and through seed size–number trade-offs (with plants under low pollination intensity producing fewer but larger seeds). Here, we use a field experiment to examine the effects of pollination intensity on both quantity and quality of progeny. We manipulated pollen receipt to stigmas of the wind-pollinated dioecious plant Mercurialis annua by varying the distance of females from males. We then compared seed size and number, seedling growth and allocation to male and female function, for the progeny produced by females subjected to different pollination intensities. Our experiment revealed a reduction in pollen load with increasing distance to males, translating into large reductions in the number of seeds produced but only small effects on the performance of offspring. The main effect on offspring quality was through a seed size–number trade-off, with pollen-limited females producing fewer but larger seeds, which subsequently performed better. Sons and daughters were affected differently by this trade-off, pointing to gender-dependent effects of pollination intensity on progeny performance. Synthesis. Our results highlight the importance of pollination intensity on both the quantity and quality of progeny. Nevertheless, fitness calculations suggest that the enhanced quality of seed produced by pollen-limited mothers was not sufficient to offset their losses in terms of quantity.
An insect-pollinated species in a wind-pollinated genus: case study of the endemic plant, Laramie chickensage (Artemisia simplex)
<p><em>Artemisia simplex</em><span> (Laramie chickensage) is an imperiled, endemic plant in southeastern Wyoming, USA. To fill critical information gaps, we measured its seed viability and pollination mechanisms, measures that are lacking for many rare and endemic plants yet critical for the perpetuation of species. </span><em>Artemisia simplex</em><span> cover varied among sites and occupied 5.5% (range: 1.3–14.6%) of the area on average. This unique plant typically produced viable seeds under ambient conditions but did not self-pollinate. Characteristics of the flower and pollen suggest that </span><em>A. simplex</em><span> is primarily animal-pollinated, and we found that both wind and animals transported pollen to the plant, but wind alone produced fewer seeds. Members of the sagebrush genus are widely known to be wind-pollinated; however, we demonstrated that this species of sagebrush is largely animal</span><span class="ins cts-1">-</span><span>pollinated. </span><span class="ins cts-1">Plant c</span><span>onservation and management plans must consider the mode of pollen transfer, especially when considering the decline of insect pollinators. Pollination provides information about the persistence of plant populations through sexual reproduction, which produces the genetic variation needed for healthy populations.</span></p>
Flowering synchrony drives reproductive success in a wind-pollinated tree
Synchronized and quasi-periodic production of seeds by plant populations, known as masting, is implicated in many ecological processes, but how it arises remains poorly understood. Flowering and pollination dynamics are hypothesized to provide the mechanistic link for the observed relationship between weather and population‐level seed production. We report the first experimental test of the phenological synchrony hypotheses as a driver of pollen limitation in mast seeding oaks (Quercus ilex). Higher flowering synchrony yielded greater pollination efficiency, which resulted in 2-fold greater seed set in highly synchronized oaks compared to asynchronous individuals. Pollen addition removed the negative effect of asynchronous flowering on seed set. Because phenological synchrony operates through environmental variation, this result suggests that oak masting is synchronized by exogenous rather than endogenous factors. It also points to a mechanism by which changes in flowering phenology can affect plant reproduction of mast-seeding plants, with subsequent implications for community dynamics.
An insect-pollinated species in a wind-pollinated genus: case study of the endemic plant, Laramie chickensage (Artemisia simplex)
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Data from: Divergent selection on the biomechanical properties of stamens under wind and insect pollination
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Data from: Fragmentation can increase spatial genetic structure without decreasing pollen-mediated gene flow in a wind-pollinated tree
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Data from: Effects of pollination intensity on offspring number and quality in a wind-pollinated herb
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Data from: Wind pollination over 70 years reduces the negative genetic effects of severe forest fragmentation in the tropical oak Quercus bambusifolia
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Data from: Individual chambers for controlling crosses in wind pollinated plants
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