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Supplementary material for "The inner ear anatomy of glyptodonts and pampatheres (Xenarthra, Cingulata): functional and phylogenetic implications"

Left_inner_ear_Doedicurus.stl: digital model of the inner ear of Doedicurus in stl format. Left_inner_ear_Glyptodon.stl: digital model of the inner ear of Glyptodon in stl format. Left_inner_ear_Holmesina.stl: digital model of the inner ear of Holmesina in stl format. Left_inner_ear_Panochthus.stl: digital model of the inner ear of Panochthus in stl format. Left_inner_ear_Pseudoplohophorus.stl: digital model of the inner ear of Pseudoplohophorus in stl format. Matrix.nex: Matrix used to perform the phylogenetic analysis of xenarthrans based on inner ear characters. PC1, PC2, PC3 loadings plot.pdf: Figures showing the loadings of the morphometric variables in each of the first three principal components. Principal Components Analysis.xlsx: Spreadsheet  with the results of the Principal Components Analysis: PC summary, PC scores, and PC loadings. Table S1. Deviation from orthogonality.pdf: Deviation from orthogonality (log1090var), and agility categories from Spoor et al. (2007). Tree-PGLS.tre: Tree based on the most recent phylogenetic hypotheses using molecular and morphological data and time-scaled a posteriori, to perform the PGLS analysis with the morphological data of the inner ear.

FIGURE 4 in A new Megatheriinae skull (Xenarthra, Tardigrada) from the Pliocene of Northern Venezuela - implications for a giant sloth dispersal to Central and North America

FIGURE 4. Skulls of Bradypus marmoratus (sic) of the PIMUZ comparative collection in dorsal view; females on the left and males on the right, in three different sutural ages: 1 and 4, young adults (with most of the posterior sutures opened); 2 and 5, adults (with most of the posterior sutures closed but visible); and, 3 and 6, old adults (with most of the posterior sutures closed and not visible). In all the skulls the right temporal line was marked with a black line showing a great variation among sexes and ages.

FIGURE 3 in A new Megatheriinae skull (Xenarthra, Tardigrada) from the Pliocene of Northern Venezuela - implications for a giant sloth dispersal to Central and North America

FIGURE 3. Skulls of 1: Eremotherium laurillardi, 2: Eremotherium eomigrans, 3: AMU-CURS 184, cf. Proeremotherium sp., and 4: Proeremotherium eljebe (AMU-CURS 126, type), compared in (from top to bottom) dorsal, lateral and palatal views. In light grey are the upper dental series alveoli contours of each skull; black arrows shows the outline and extension of the posterior palatal notch, and up to where it reaches in relation to the dental series (in 1 the dotted line is used because that part of the palatal notch was mechanically broken).

FIGURE 2 in A new Megatheriinae skull (Xenarthra, Tardigrada) from the Pliocene of Northern Venezuela - implications for a giant sloth dispersal to Central and North America

FIGURE 2. Skulls of AMU-CURS 184 and AMU-CURS 126 (Proeremotherium eljebe type specimen). AMU-CURS 184 in 1, dorsal; 3, lateral, and 5, palatal views. Proeremotherium eljebe in 2, dorsal; 4, lateral, and 6, palatal views.

FIGURE 1. Location map showing the locality where the AMU-CURS 184 in A new Megatheriinae skull (Xenarthra, Tardigrada) from the Pliocene of Northern Venezuela - implications for a giant sloth dispersal to Central and North America

FIGURE 1. Location map showing the locality where the AMU-CURS 184 specimen was recovered from San Gregorio Fm. outcrops.

Fig. 7 in A geometric morphometric study of sex differences in the scapula, humerus and ulna of Chaetophractus villosus (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae)

Fig. 7. Ulna. Distribution of males (black dots) and females (white dots) of Chaetophractus villosus (Desmarest, 1804) in the plane determined by the first two relative warps (RW1 and RW2). Numbers indicate specimens. Deformation grids below the graph show shape changes linked to negative (left) and positive (right) scores in RW1. Grids on the right show deformations linked to negative (below) and positive (above) scores in RW2.

Fig. 6 in A geometric morphometric study of sex differences in the scapula, humerus and ulna of Chaetophractus villosus (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae)

Fig. 6. Scatterplot for the ulna of Chaetophractus villosus (Desmarest, 1804), showing the distribution of the individuals in the plane formed by the two first principal components. The black outlines below the plot represent the shape variation associated to PC1, and those of the right show the changes associated to PC2 with respect to the consensus of the species (grey outlines).

Fig. 4 in A geometric morphometric study of sex differences in the scapula, humerus and ulna of Chaetophractus villosus (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae)

Fig. 4. Humerus. Distribution of males (black dots) and females (white dots) of Chaetophractus villosus (Desmarest, 1804) in the plane determined by the first two relative warps (RW1 and RW2). Numbers indicate specimens. Deformation grids below the graph show shape changes linked to negative (left) and positive (right) scores in RW1. Grids on the right show deformations linked to negative (below) and positive (above) scores in RW2.

Fig. 3 in A geometric morphometric study of sex differences in the scapula, humerus and ulna of Chaetophractus villosus (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae)

Fig. 3. Scatterplot for the humerus of Chaetophractus villosus (Desmarest, 1804), showing the distribution of the individuals in the plane formed by the two first principal components. The black outlines below the plot represent the shape variation associated to PC1, and those of the right show the changes associated to PC2 with respect to the consensus of the species (grey outlines).

Fig. 2 in A geometric morphometric study of sex differences in the scapula, humerus and ulna of Chaetophractus villosus (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae)

Fig. 2. Canonical analysis for the humerus of males and females of Chaetophractus villosus (Desmarest, 1804). The bone outlines below the graph represent the tendencies to deformation in males and females (black dots and lines) with respect to the consensus of the species (grey dots and lines) along the axis.

Fig. 1 in A geometric morphometric study of sex differences in the scapula, humerus and ulna of Chaetophractus villosus (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae)

Fig. 1. Landmarks digitised on the left appendicular bones of Chaetophractus villosus (Desmarest, 1804). Scapula in dorsal view; humerus in caudal view; ulna in lateral view.

Fig. 5 in A geometric morphometric study of sex differences in the scapula, humerus and ulna of Chaetophractus villosus (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae)

Fig. 5. Canonical analysis for the ulna of males and females of Chaetophractus villosus (Desmarest, 1804). The bone outlines below the graph represent extreme individuals (black dots and lines) with respect to the consensus of the species (grey dots and lines) along the axis.

FIGURE 10 in Dimorphism in Quaternary Scelidotheriinae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Phyllophaga)

FIGURE 10. Skull and mandible outlines in dorsal view. 1 and 2, Catonyx tarijensis (FMNH P 14243); 3 and 4, Catonyx tarijensis (FMNH P 14238); 5 and 6, Catonyx chiliensis (BM(NH)M 2819 Type, MHIN-UNSL-GEO V 199); 7 and 8, Catonyx cuvieri (MCL 4265, MCL 22683).

FIGURE 6 in Dimorphism in Quaternary Scelidotheriinae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Phyllophaga)

FIGURE 6. Catonyx tarijensis. Skull and mandible in dorsal view. 1 and 2 FMNH P 14238. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Dimorphism in Quaternary Scelidotheriinae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Phyllophaga)

FIGURE 7. Catonyx chiliensis. Skulls in dorsal view. 1, BM(NH)M 2819; 2, MHIN-UNSL-GEO V 199. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Dimorphism in Quaternary Scelidotheriinae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Phyllophaga)

FIGURE 3. Scelidotherium bravardi. Skulls in dorsal view. 1, MMP 157-S; 2, holotype BM(NH)M 37626. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Dimorphism in Quaternary Scelidotheriinae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Phyllophaga)

FIGURE 2. Scelidotherium leptocephalum. Skulls in dorsal view. 1, MMP 1155-M; 2, MACN 9625. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Dimorphism in Quaternary Scelidotheriinae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Phyllophaga)

FIGURE 5. Catonyx tarijensis. Skull and mandible in dorsal view. 1 and 2 FMNH P 14243. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Dimorphism in Quaternary Scelidotheriinae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Phyllophaga)

FIGURE 9. Skull outlines in dorsal view. 1 and 2, Scelidotherium leptocephalum (MMP 1155-M, MACN 9625); 3 and 4, Scelidotherium bravardi (MMP 157-S, BM(NH)M 37626); 5 and 6, Valgipes bucklandi (MCL 4294, 4393).

FIGURE 4 in Dimorphism in Quaternary Scelidotheriinae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Phyllophaga)

FIGURE 4. Valgipes bucklandi. Skulls in dorsal view. 1, MCL 4294; 2, MCL 4293. Scale bar equals 10 mm.