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Fig. 4 in Two new species of Xenos (Strepsiptera: Xenidae), parasites of social wasps of the genus Mischocyttarus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in the New World

Fig. 4. Xenos pallens Benda & Straka sp. nov., female, cephalothorax, male, cephalotheca. A – ventral side of cephalothorax; B – dorsal side of cephalothorax; C – frontal view of cephalotheca; D – lateral view of cephalotheca. Abbreviations: a – vestigial antenna, cl – clypeus, coe – compound eye, dlf – dorsal labral field of labral area, fi – frontal impression, fr – frontal region, gn – gena, hyp – hypopharynx, lba – labial area, md – mandible, mst – mesosternum, mstp – mesosternal papilla, mtst – metasternum, mtstp – metasternal papilla, mx – vestige of maxilla, mxb – maxillary base (at mandible base), mxp – vestige of maxillary palp, ob – occipital bulge, os – mouth opening, pom – postmentum, prm – prementum, pst – prosternum (prosternal extension), pstp – prosternal papilla, sbhp – segmental border between head and prothorax, sbmm – segmental border between mesothorax and metathorax, sbpm – segmental border between prothorax and mesothorax, smxg – submaxillary groove, sp – spiracle, ssf – sensillum of supraantennal sensillary field, vlf – ventral labral field of labral area.

Fig. 3 in Two new species of Xenos (Strepsiptera: Xenidae), parasites of social wasps of the genus Mischocyttarus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in the New World

Fig. 3. Xenos pallens Benda & Straka sp. nov., host, female, cephalothorax. A – Mischocyttarus costaricensis Richards, 1945, stylopised by X. pallens sp. nov., lateral view; B – the same specimen, dorsal view; C – holotype of X. pallens sp. nov., ventral side of cephalothorax; D – holotype of X. pallens sp. nov., dorsal side of cephalothorax. Abbreviation: cl – clypeus.

Fig. 2 in Two new species of Xenos (Strepsiptera: Xenidae), parasites of social wasps of the genus Mischocyttarus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in the New World

Fig. 2. Xenos bicolor Benda & Straka sp. nov., female, detail of cephalothorax, male, cephalotheca. A – detail of ventral side of cephalothorax from Mischocyttarus navajo Bequaert, 1933; B – detail of dorsal side of cephalothorax from M. flavitarsis (Saussure, 1854); C – frontal view of cephalotheca from M. pallidipectus (Smith, 1857); D – lateral view of cephalotheca from M. pallidipectus. Abbreviations: a – vestigial antenna, cl – clypeus, cll – clypeal lobe, coe – compound eye, dlf – dorsal labral field of labral area, fi – frontal impression, fr – frontal region, gn – gena, hyp – hypopharynx, lba – labial area, md – mandible, mx – vestige of maxilla, mxb – maxillary base, mxp – vestige of maxillary palp, ob – occipital bulge, os – mouth opening, pom – postmentum, prm – prementum, pst – prosternum (prosternal extension), sbhp – segmental border between head and prothorax, smxg – submaxillary groove, ssf – sensillum of supraantennal sensillary field, vlf – ventral labral field of labral area.

Fig. 1 in Two new species of Xenos (Strepsiptera: Xenidae), parasites of social wasps of the genus Mischocyttarus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in the New World

Fig. 1. Xenos bicolor Benda & Straka sp. nov., host, female, cephalothorax. A – Mischocyttarus flavitarsis (Saussure, 1854) stylopised by X. bicolor sp. nov., lateral view; B – detail of host abdomen of M. navajo Bequaert, 1933, with two adult females; C–D – holotype of X. bicolor sp. nov. from M. navajo, cephalothorax; C – ventral side; D – dorsal side. Abbreviations: cll – clypeal lobe, lehc – lateral extension of head capsule, mst – mesosternum, mtst – metasternum, pst – prosternum (prosternal extension), sbmm – segmental border between mesothorax and metathorax, sbpm – segmental border between prothorax and mesothorax, sp – spiracle.

Fig. 6 in A new species of the genus Paraxenos Saunders, 1872 (Strepsiptera: Xenidae) from Bembix digger wasps (Hymenoptera: Bembicidae) and a redescription of Paraxenos hungaricus (Székessy, 1955)

Fig. 6. Paraxenos hungaricus (Székessy, 1955), ♀ (OLML), cephalothorax, SEM micrographs. A. Anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side. B. Anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side. C. Mouthparts, ventral side. D. Detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side. E. Right mandible and maxilla, ventral side. F. Left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: cl = clypeus; cls = clypeal sensillum; dlf = dorsal labral field of labral area; lba = labial area; ls = labral seta in cavity (spine-shaped sensillum); md = mandible; mx = vestige of maxilla; mxb = maxillary base; mxs = maxillary sensillum; sb cl = segmental border between clypeus and labrum; smxg = submaxillary groove; vlf = ventral labral field of labral area.

Fig. 2 in A new species of the genus Paraxenos Saunders, 1872 (Strepsiptera: Xenidae) from Bembix digger wasps (Hymenoptera: Bembicidae) and a redescription of Paraxenos hungaricus (Székessy, 1955)

Fig. 2. Paraxenos arabicus Benda & Straka sp. nov. A–B. Female (NMPC), cephalothorax. C–D. Male (NMPC), cephalotheca. A. Detail of ventral side. B. Detail of dorsal side. C. Frontal view. D. Lateral view. Abbreviations: a = vestigial antenna; cl = clypeus; cll = clypeal lobe; coe = compound eye; dlf = dorsal labral field of labral area; fr = frontal region; fssf = furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field; gn = gena; lba = labial area; lehc = lateral extension of head capsule (lateral cephalic extension); md = mandible; mx = vestige of maxilla; mxb = maxillary base; mxp = vestige of maxillary palp; os = mouth opening; pom = postmentum; prm = praementum; pst = prosternum (prosternal extension); pstp = prosternal papilla; sbhp = segmental border between head and prothorax; smxg = submaxillary groove; ssf = supra-antennal sensillary field; vlf = ventral labral field of labral area.

Fig. 8 in A new species of the genus Paraxenos Saunders, 1872 (Strepsiptera: Xenidae) from Bembix digger wasps (Hymenoptera: Bembicidae) and a redescription of Paraxenos hungaricus (Székessy, 1955)

Fig. 8. Distribution of species of Paraxenos Saunders, 1872 stylopizing species of the host genus Bembix Fabricius, 1775. Distribution of each species is indicated by colored dots.

Fig. 7 in A new species of the genus Paraxenos Saunders, 1872 (Strepsiptera: Xenidae) from Bembix digger wasps (Hymenoptera: Bembicidae) and a redescription of Paraxenos hungaricus (Székessy, 1955)

Fig. 7.Paraxenos krombeini Kifune & Hirashima, 1987, holotype, ♀ (KUMC), cephalothorax. A. Anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side. B. Anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviations: lba = labial area; md = mandible; mx = vestige of maxilla.

Fig. 1 in A new species of the genus Paraxenos Saunders, 1872 (Strepsiptera: Xenidae) from Bembix digger wasps (Hymenoptera: Bembicidae) and a redescription of Paraxenos hungaricus (Székessy, 1955)

Fig. 1. Paraxenos arabicus Benda & Straka sp. nov., host, male puparium, female cephalothorax. A. Bembix kohli Morice, 1897 stylopized by P. arabicus sp. nov., lateral view. B. Detail of host abdomen of B. kohli, with male puparium. C–D. Holotype of P. arabicus sp. nov., ♀ (NMPC) from B. kohli. C. Ventral side of cephalothorax. D. Dorsal side of cephalothorax. Abbreviations: asI = abdominal segment I; cll = clypeal lobe; csI = constriction of abdominal segment I; lehc = lateral extension of head capsule; mst = mesosternum; mtst = metasternum; pst = prosternum (prosternal extension); sb ma = segmental border between metathorax and abdomen; sb mm = segmental border between mesothorax and metathorax; sb pm = segmental border between prothorax and mesothorax; sp = spiracle.

Fig. 5 in A new species of the genus Paraxenos Saunders, 1872 (Strepsiptera: Xenidae) from Bembix digger wasps (Hymenoptera: Bembicidae) and a redescription of Paraxenos hungaricus (Székessy, 1955)

Fig. 5. Paraxenos hungaricus (Székessy, 1955), ♀ (OLML), SEM micrographs. A. Ventral side.B. Dorsal side. C. Right vestigial antenna, dorsal side. D. Left vestigial antenna, dorsal side. E. Left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side. F. Detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviations: a = vestigial antenna; asI = abdominal segment I; cl = clypeus; fr = frontal region; frons; frp = frontal papillae; lehc = lateral extension of head capsule; mst = mesosternum; mtst = metasternum; paa = periantennal area; pst = prosternum; sb cf = segmental border between clypeus and frons; sp = spiracle; ssf = supra-antennal sensillary field; sssf = sensillum of supra-antennal sensillary field.

Fig. 4. A–E in A new species of the genus Paraxenos Saunders, 1872 (Strepsiptera: Xenidae) from Bembix digger wasps (Hymenoptera: Bembicidae) and a redescription of Paraxenos hungaricus (Székessy, 1955)

Fig. 4. A–E. Paraxenos hungaricus (Székessy, 1955), ♂ (NMPC). F. Paraxenos arabicus Benda & Straka sp. nov., ♂ (NMPC). A. Frontal view of cephalotheca). B. Lateral view of cephalotheca. C. Ventral view of anterior part of the puparium. D. Dorsal view of anterior part of the puparium. E. Detail of cephalotheca, frontal view. F. Detail of cephalotheca, frontal view. Abbreviations: a = vestigial antenna; asI = abdominal segment I; cl = clypeus; cll = clypeal lobe; coe = compound eye; csI = constriction of abdominal segment I; dlf = dorsal labral field of labral area; fr = frontal region (frons); fssf = furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field; gn = gena; hyp = hypopharynx; lgI = foreleg; lgII = middle leg; lgIII = hindleg; md = mandible; mst = mesosternum; mtst = metasternum; mx = maxilla; mxp = vestige of maxillary palp; pom = postmentum; prm = praementum; pst = prosternum; sb hp = segmental border between head and prothorax; sb = segmental border between metathorax and ma abdomen; sb = segmental border between mesothorax and metathorax; sbpm = segmental border mm between prothorax and mesothorax; ssf = supra-antennal sensillary field; vlf = ventral labral field of labral area; wbI = wing buds I; wbII = wing buds II.

Fig. 3 in A new species of the genus Paraxenos Saunders, 1872 (Strepsiptera: Xenidae) from Bembix digger wasps (Hymenoptera: Bembicidae) and a redescription of Paraxenos hungaricus (Székessy, 1955)

Fig. 3. Paraxenos hungaricus (Székessy, 1955), host, female cephalothorax (OLML). A. Bembix rostrata (Linnaeus, 1758) stylopized by P. hungaricus, lateral view. B. Detail of host abdomen of B. rostrata, with adult female. C. P. hungaricus from B. rostrata, ventral side of cephalothorax. D. P. hungaricus from B. rostrata, dorsal side of cephalothorax. Abbreviations: asI = abdominal segment I; cll = clypeal lobe; csI = constriction of abdominal segment I; lehc = lateral extension of head capsule; mst = mesosternum; mtst = metasternum; pst = prosternum (prosternal extension); sb ma = segmental border between metathorax and abdomen; sb = segmental border between mesothorax and metathorax; sb = mm pm segmental border between prothorax and mesothorax; sp = spiracle.

Fig. 9 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva

Fig. 9. Late male secondary larva of X. vesparum, 3D-reconstruction, full view. A. Lateral view, sagittally sectioned, nervous system;B. Dorsal view,dorsal cuticle removed, nervous system. abn: abdominal nerve; ag: abdominal ganglion; ce: compound eye; cer: brain; circ: circumoesophageal connectives; ep: epidermis; fgl: frontal ganglion; ne: nervus procurrens; nea: antennal nerve; nel: leg nerve; ol: optic lobes; pgc: postcerebral ganglionic complex; sp*: spiracular anlage.

Fig. 20 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva

Fig. 20. Simplified cladogram of internal relationships in Strepsiptera based on Pohl et al. (2019) showing the derived characters (filled box) of each clade discussed in this study. Schematics show silhouette of parasitic larval stages (top male, bottom female). Illustrations for schematics taken from Pohl et al. (2019) for †Mengea (†Mengeidae),Tröger et al. (2020) for Eoxenos laboulbenei (Mengenillidae), Kirkpatrick (1937) for Corioxenos antestiae (Corioxenidae).The photographs of the secondary larvae of Xenos vesparum (Stylopiformia) were taken from this study.

Fig. 8 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva

Fig. 8. Late male secondary larva of X. vesparum, 3D-reconstruction, full view and cephalothorax. A. Lateral view, sagittally sectioned, anlagen of the antennae and maxillae, dorsal vessel, dorsoventral muscles of entire body, longitudinal muscles of abdomen; B. Lateral view, sagittally sectioned, anlagen of the indirect flight muscles, nervous system; C. Lateral view, sagittally sectioned, anlagen of indirect flight muscles, nervous system. ana*: antennal anlage; ep: epidermis; mx*: maxillary anlage. For designations of muscles see sections Prothorax, Mesothorax, Metathorax, Abdomen.

Fig. 2 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva

Fig. 2. Late male secondary larva of X. vesparum, 3D-reconstruction.A. Dorsal view, external morphology; B. Lateral view, external morphology; C.Ventral view, external morphology; D. Frontal view, external morphology. I–X: abdominal segments I–X; an: anus; ana*: antennal anlage; ce: compound eyes; fl*: anlage of forelegs; hc: head capsule; hl*: anlage of hindleg; md: mandibles; mdt: mandibular tooth; ml*: anlage of middle legs; mst: mesothorax; mtt: metathorax; mx*: maxillary anlage; osf: functional mouth opening; pt: prothorax; sbhp: segmental border head/prothorax; sbma: segmental border metathorax/abdomen; sbmm: segmental border meso-/metathorax; sbpm: segmental border pro-/mesothorax; sc: sclerotized clasp; ses: labral field; sp*: spiracular anlage; wia*: wing anlage.

Fig. 5 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva

Fig. 5. Late male secondary larva of X. vesparum, 3D-reconstruction, cephalothorax. A. Dorsal view, dorsal cuticle removed, anlagen, nervous system, mandibular muscles, and tracheal system; B. Dorsal view, dorsal cuticle removed, ventral longitudinal muscles; C. Lateral view, sagittally sectioned, spiracular muscles and tracheal system; D. Lateral view, sagittally sectioned, anlagen, dorsal longitudinal muscles, nervous system, and tracheal system. ana*: antennal anlage; ep: epidermis; mx*: maxillary anlage; sp*: spiracular anlage; tr: trachea. For designations of muscles see sections Mandibles, Prothorax, Mesothorax, Metathorax,Tracheal System.

Fig. 13 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva

Fig. 13. Late female secondary larva of X. vesparum, 3D-reconstruction, lateral and frontal views are shown according to the physiological orientation of the female. A. Dorsal view, external morphology; B. Lateral view, ventral side (physiological dorsal side) facing right, external morphology; C. Ventral view, external morphology; D. Frontal view, ventral side (physiological dorsal side) facing upwards, external morphology. bop*: anlage of the brood opening; ct: cephalothorax; I–X: abdominal segments I–X; md: mandible; mdt: mandibular tooth; mx: maxilla; osf: functional mouth opening; sbhp: segmental border head/ prothorax; sbmm: segmental border meso-/metathorax. sbpm: segmental border pro-/mesothorax; sc: sclerotized clasp; ses: labral field; sp*: spiracular anlage.

Fig. 12 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva

Fig. 12. Late female secondary larva of X. vesparum (Strepsiptera, Xenidae), photomicrography, lateral view is shown according to the physiological orientation of the female. A. Dorsal view, external morphology; B. Lateral view, ventral side (physiological dorsal side) facing right, external morphology; C. Ventral view, external morphology. I–X: abdominal segments I–X; md: mandible; sc: sclerotized clasp; st: stemma; ct: cephalothorax; sp*: spiracular anlage; sbma: segmental border metathorax/abdomen; sbmm: segmental border meso-/metathorax.

Fig. 18 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva

Fig. 18. Late female secondary larva of X. vesparum, histological cross sections.A. Posterior region of head, detailed view of stemmata; B. Posterior metathorax, details of spiracular muscles; C. Abdominal segment II, details of midgut; D. Abdominal segment II, details of birth organs; E. Posterior region of abdominal segment II, details of birth organ; F. Posterior region of double segment IX+X, details of posterior end of midgut; G. Posterior region of double segment IX+X, details of hindgut. abn: abdominal nerve; ag1: abdominal ganglion I; bo*: anlage of birth organs; fb: fat body; hg: hindgut; mg: midgut; oc: oocytes; rm: ring muscles of birth organ; st: stemmata; tr: tracheae. For designations of muscles see sectionTracheal System.