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FIGURE 5 in A new species of the genus Achalinus (Squamata: Xenodermidae) from Ningshan County, Shaanxi Province, China

FIGURE 5. General aspect of the paratype of Achalinus ningshanensis (JK0918) after preservation. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views; right (C), left (D), dorsal (E) and ventral (F) views of head.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of the genus Achalinus (Squamata: Xenodermidae) from Ningshan County, Shaanxi Province, China

FIGURE 4. Right (A), left (B), ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views of the head, lateral view of dorsal (E), and ventral views of the tail (F) of the holotype of Achalinus ningshanensis (ANU 20220001), after preservation.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of the genus Achalinus (Squamata: Xenodermidae) from Ningshan County, Shaanxi Province, China

FIGURE 3. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of the preserved holotype of Achalinus ningshanensis (ANU 20220001).

FIGURE 2 in A new species of the genus Achalinus (Squamata: Xenodermidae) from Ningshan County, Shaanxi Province, China

FIGURE 2. Maximum-likelihood tree inferred from CO1. Numbers indicate bootstrap support estimated using maximum likelihood (1000 pseudoreplicates) analyses (>50 retained).

FIGURE 1 in A new species of the genus Achalinus (Squamata: Xenodermidae) from Ningshan County, Shaanxi Province, China

FIGURE 1. Distribution of selected species of the genus Achalinus in western China, including the type locality of Achalinus ningshanensis sp. nov. in Ningshan County, Shaanxi Province (red star), of A. meiguensis in Meigu County, Sichuan Province (red triangle). of A. panzhihuaensis in Panzhihua, Sichuan Province (black triangle), of A. yangdatongi in Xichou county, Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province (black circle), of A. pingbianensis in Pingbian County, Yunnan Province (red circle). The other species of the genus Achalinus, A. cf. spinalis (green circle) and A. cf. rufescens (blue triangle), recorded in Shaanxi Province.

FIG. 5 in Discovery of a New Species of Enigmatic Odd-Scaled Snake (Serpentes: Xenodermidae: Achalinus) from Ha Giang Province, Vietnam

FIG. 5. (A, B) Lateral, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views of the head of the holotype (IEBR 4698) of Achalinus zugorum, new species, after preservation. Each white bar ¼ 5 mm.

FIG. 3 in Discovery of a New Species of Enigmatic Odd-Scaled Snake (Serpentes: Xenodermidae: Achalinus) from Ha Giang Province, Vietnam

FIG. 3. (A) Map of all type localities for odd-scaled snakes (Achalinus) and (B) province-level map of Vietnam with type localities in that country. Black arrow indicates location of Ha Giang Province. All type localities of recognized Achalinus are included with the exception of that for A. spinalis, which is geographically imprecise (''angeblich aus Japan'' ¼ allegedly from Japan; Peters, 1869). Countries are labeled with ISO alpha-2 codes.

FIG. 2 in Discovery of a New Species of Enigmatic Odd-Scaled Snake (Serpentes: Xenodermidae: Achalinus) from Ha Giang Province, Vietnam

FIG. 2. (A) Maximum likelihood phylogeny inferred using the COI dataset in IQ-TREE. Ultrafast bootstrap values (UFBoot) are provided at relevant nodes. Voucher museum catalog numbers are listed adjacent to each specimen, with GenBank accessions in parentheses if no voucher number could be located. (B) SplitsTree network inferred with the COI dataset. (C) Drawing of Achalinus zugorum, new species, illustrated by Sydney SiehTakata. Scale bars indicate substitutions per site. See Data Accessibility for tree file.

FIG. 1 in Discovery of a New Species of Enigmatic Odd-Scaled Snake (Serpentes: Xenodermidae: Achalinus) from Ha Giang Province, Vietnam

FIG. 1. Ultrametric Bayesian phylogeny inferred using the COI dataset with bModelTest (Bouckaert and Drummond, 2017) in BEAST2. Posterior probabilities (PP) are provided at relevant nodes. Scale bar indicates substitutions per site. Voucher museum catalog numbers are listed adjacent to each specimen, with GenBank accessions in parentheses if no voucher numbers could be located. See Data Accessibility for tree file.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Stoliczkia Jerdon, 1870 (Serpentes: Xenodermidae) from Mizoram India

FIGURE 1. Stoliczkia vanhnuailianai sp. nov. holotype (BNHS 3656) in life. A. dorsolateral body, B. lateral of head and C dorsal of head. Images not to same scale; measurements are reported in Table 1.

FIGURE 7 in A new species of Stoliczkia Jerdon, 1870 (Serpentes: Xenodermidae) from Mizoram India

FIGURE 7. Habitat of Stoliczkia vanhnuailianai sp. nov. A. exact location where the holotype was found, and B. general surrounding habitat.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Stoliczkia Jerdon, 1870 (Serpentes: Xenodermidae) from Mizoram India

FIGURE 4. Holotype of Stoliczkia khasiensis BMNH 1946.1.15.58. Body in A. dorsal and B. ventral views. Head in C. dorsal, D. ventral, E. lateral left, and F. lateral right views. Scale bars 5 mm. Photographs by Kevin Webb (NHM, London).

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Stoliczkia Jerdon, 1870 (Serpentes: Xenodermidae) from Mizoram India

FIGURE 3. Maps showing distribution of species of the genus Stoliczkia. The type of S. khasiensis is from the Khasia (or Khassia or Khasi) Hills without a precise locality. For S. borneensis only the type locality is indicated. Map created using QGIS.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Stoliczkia Jerdon, 1870 (Serpentes: Xenodermidae) from Mizoram India

FIGURE 2. Stoliczkia vanhnuailianai sp. nov. holotype (BNHS 3656), Body: A. dorsal, B. ventral; head: C. dorsal, D. ventral, E. lateral right, F. lateral left view, G. asulcate and H. sulcate view of left hemipenis. Scale bars 5 mm.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Stoliczkia Jerdon, 1870 (Serpentes: Xenodermidae) from Mizoram India

FIGURE 5. Second and only known non-type specimen of Stoliczkia khasiensis (ZSI-K 14945) reported by Annandale (1904). Body in A. dorsal, and B. ventral views. Head in: C. dorsal, D. ventral, E. left lateral left, and F. right lateral views. Scale bars = 5 mm. Photographs by Pratyush Mohapatra (ZSI-K).

FIGURE 7 in A new species of the Achalinus rufescens complex (Xenodermidae: Achalinus) from Fujian Province, China

FIGURE 7. Habitat of Achalinus dehuaensis sp. nov. in Youxi County, Fujian Province, China (By Jun–Feng Guo).

FIGURE 6 in A new species of the Achalinus rufescens complex (Xenodermidae: Achalinus) from Fujian Province, China

FIGURE 6. Habitat of Achalinus dehuaensis sp. nov. in Nancheng Town, Dehua County, Fujian Province, China (By Fei Zhu).

FIGURE 2 in A new species of the Achalinus rufescens complex (Xenodermidae: Achalinus) from Fujian Province, China

FIGURE 2. Bayesian inference and maximum–likelihood phylogenies inferred from a partitioned gene sequence cytochrome coxidase subunit 1 (CO1) of xenodermatid snakes. Numbers indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities (>0.50 retained) on the left, and numbers are bootstrap support for maximum likelihood (1000 replicates) analyses (>50 retained) on the right. Sample information is provided in Table 1.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of the Achalinus rufescens complex (Xenodermidae: Achalinus) from Fujian Province, China

FIGURE 1. Map showing the type locality of Achalinus dehuaensis sp. nov., Dehua County (1) and adjacent Youxi County (2) in Fujian Province, China.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of the Achalinus rufescens complex (Xenodermidae: Achalinus) from Fujian Province, China

FIGURE 4. Lateral (column 1), dorsal (column 2), and ventral (column 3) view of head, dorsal comparisons (column 4) of the paratypes of Achalinus dehuaensis sp. nov. CIB 8101 (A–D), CIB 8102 (E–H), CIB 8099 (I–L), and CIB 8100 (M–P) from Dehua County; LAB 2020039 (Q–T) from Youxi County.