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Fig. 4 in Two new species of Xenos (Strepsiptera: Xenidae), parasites of social wasps of the genus Mischocyttarus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in the New World

Fig. 4. Xenos pallens Benda & Straka sp. nov., female, cephalothorax, male, cephalotheca. A – ventral side of cephalothorax; B – dorsal side of cephalothorax; C – frontal view of cephalotheca; D – lateral view of cephalotheca. Abbreviations: a – vestigial antenna, cl – clypeus, coe – compound eye, dlf – dorsal labral field of labral area, fi – frontal impression, fr – frontal region, gn – gena, hyp – hypopharynx, lba – labial area, md – mandible, mst – mesosternum, mstp – mesosternal papilla, mtst – metasternum, mtstp – metasternal papilla, mx – vestige of maxilla, mxb – maxillary base (at mandible base), mxp – vestige of maxillary palp, ob – occipital bulge, os – mouth opening, pom – postmentum, prm – prementum, pst – prosternum (prosternal extension), pstp – prosternal papilla, sbhp – segmental border between head and prothorax, sbmm – segmental border between mesothorax and metathorax, sbpm – segmental border between prothorax and mesothorax, smxg – submaxillary groove, sp – spiracle, ssf – sensillum of supraantennal sensillary field, vlf – ventral labral field of labral area.

Fig. 3 in Two new species of Xenos (Strepsiptera: Xenidae), parasites of social wasps of the genus Mischocyttarus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in the New World

Fig. 3. Xenos pallens Benda & Straka sp. nov., host, female, cephalothorax. A – Mischocyttarus costaricensis Richards, 1945, stylopised by X. pallens sp. nov., lateral view; B – the same specimen, dorsal view; C – holotype of X. pallens sp. nov., ventral side of cephalothorax; D – holotype of X. pallens sp. nov., dorsal side of cephalothorax. Abbreviation: cl – clypeus.

Fig. 2 in Two new species of Xenos (Strepsiptera: Xenidae), parasites of social wasps of the genus Mischocyttarus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in the New World

Fig. 2. Xenos bicolor Benda & Straka sp. nov., female, detail of cephalothorax, male, cephalotheca. A – detail of ventral side of cephalothorax from Mischocyttarus navajo Bequaert, 1933; B – detail of dorsal side of cephalothorax from M. flavitarsis (Saussure, 1854); C – frontal view of cephalotheca from M. pallidipectus (Smith, 1857); D – lateral view of cephalotheca from M. pallidipectus. Abbreviations: a – vestigial antenna, cl – clypeus, cll – clypeal lobe, coe – compound eye, dlf – dorsal labral field of labral area, fi – frontal impression, fr – frontal region, gn – gena, hyp – hypopharynx, lba – labial area, md – mandible, mx – vestige of maxilla, mxb – maxillary base, mxp – vestige of maxillary palp, ob – occipital bulge, os – mouth opening, pom – postmentum, prm – prementum, pst – prosternum (prosternal extension), sbhp – segmental border between head and prothorax, smxg – submaxillary groove, ssf – sensillum of supraantennal sensillary field, vlf – ventral labral field of labral area.

Fig. 1 in Two new species of Xenos (Strepsiptera: Xenidae), parasites of social wasps of the genus Mischocyttarus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in the New World

Fig. 1. Xenos bicolor Benda & Straka sp. nov., host, female, cephalothorax. A – Mischocyttarus flavitarsis (Saussure, 1854) stylopised by X. bicolor sp. nov., lateral view; B – detail of host abdomen of M. navajo Bequaert, 1933, with two adult females; C–D – holotype of X. bicolor sp. nov. from M. navajo, cephalothorax; C – ventral side; D – dorsal side. Abbreviations: cll – clypeal lobe, lehc – lateral extension of head capsule, mst – mesosternum, mtst – metasternum, pst – prosternum (prosternal extension), sbmm – segmental border between mesothorax and metathorax, sbpm – segmental border between prothorax and mesothorax, sp – spiracle.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

Manually labeled Bird song dataset of 22 species from Xeno-canto to enhance deep learning acoustic classifiers with contextual information.

Data accompanying the paper: Jeantet and Dufourq (2023). Empowering Deep Learning Acoustic Classifiers with Human-like Ability to Utilize Contextual Information for Wildlife Monitoring. Ecological Informatics. 77, 15749541, DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2023.102256   Our investigation contributes to the field of deep learning and bioacoustics by highlighting the potential for improved classification performance through the incorporation of contextual information such as time and location. To test if spatial-temporal information can enhance deep learning classifier, we developed a subset dataset derived from Xeno-Canto that included location metadata as input alongside the spectrogram. We used this dataset with the primary purpose of creating a bird song classification task with species carefully selected to share similar vocal characteristics but from distinct geographical distributions. We only considered the recordings of category `A', corresponding to the best quality score in the database. The dataset contains songs of 22 bird species from 5 families and genera differents. The recordings were downloaded from the Xeno-canto database in .wav format and each recording was manually annotated by labelling the start and stop time for every vocalisation occurrence using Sonic Visualiser. In total, database contained 6537 occurrences of bird songs of various length from 967 file recordings. A precise description of the distribution by species and country can be found in the associated article.   The audio files are provided in "Audio.zip" and the manually verified annotation in "Annotations.zip". The name of each file follows the following nomenclature: Family_genus_species_country of recording_date of recording_ID Xenocanto_type of song.wav/svl. The meta-data information of each file can be find in the csv file provided (Xenocanto_metadata_qualityA_selection) based on the number of the ID Xeno-canto. The annotations can be viewed using the Sonic Visualiser software. The python codes to process these files and train neural networks can be found here : github The files were divided into a training folder and a validation folder to train and evaluate the efficiency of each method. For each species and country, we randomly selected 70% of the downloaded recordings for the training dataset and kept the remaining 30% for validation. Process to select the species : We selected the ten most recorded families in the Passeriformes order, the most represented order in Xeno-canto database. From each of the ten families, we again sub-samples the ten most recorded genera. For each genus, we observed the countries of the recordings and the number of available recordings per species and countries. From these observations, we made a self-selection of genera containing species with similar songs but recorded in different regions, with enough recordings available by species and country to form a dataset . At the end, 5 genus were  selected containing 22 species. We considered only recordings associated with bird songs, specifically, within Xeno-canto we selected the `song' type. To balance the number of recordings between species of the same genus, we reduced the number of recordings for the most represented species. Thus, for each genus we calculated the average of the number of records available per species and per country and limited the number of recordings for the species/country pairs that were in greater number to this value plus two.

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xeno-canto America: xeno canto America - DwCA latest

xeno-canto America is a community database of shared bird sounds from the Americas. https://www.xeno-canto.org/ . This resource is set to refresh regularly.

opennotspecifiedAug 2024View details →

opennotspecifiedDec 2006View details →

FIGURE 3 in Description and biological notes of the first species of Xenos (Strepsiptera: Stylopidae) parasitic in Polistes carnifex F. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Mexico

FIGURE 3. Xenos hamiltoni sp. n. A. Dorsal view of head and thorax. Scale bar=0.5mm. B. Aedeagus. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. C. Wing (right). Scale bar = 1.2mm.

Fig. 9 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva

Fig. 9. Late male secondary larva of X. vesparum, 3D-reconstruction, full view. A. Lateral view, sagittally sectioned, nervous system;B. Dorsal view,dorsal cuticle removed, nervous system. abn: abdominal nerve; ag: abdominal ganglion; ce: compound eye; cer: brain; circ: circumoesophageal connectives; ep: epidermis; fgl: frontal ganglion; ne: nervus procurrens; nea: antennal nerve; nel: leg nerve; ol: optic lobes; pgc: postcerebral ganglionic complex; sp*: spiracular anlage.

Fig. 20 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva

Fig. 20. Simplified cladogram of internal relationships in Strepsiptera based on Pohl et al. (2019) showing the derived characters (filled box) of each clade discussed in this study. Schematics show silhouette of parasitic larval stages (top male, bottom female). Illustrations for schematics taken from Pohl et al. (2019) for †Mengea (†Mengeidae),Tröger et al. (2020) for Eoxenos laboulbenei (Mengenillidae), Kirkpatrick (1937) for Corioxenos antestiae (Corioxenidae).The photographs of the secondary larvae of Xenos vesparum (Stylopiformia) were taken from this study.

Fig. 8 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva

Fig. 8. Late male secondary larva of X. vesparum, 3D-reconstruction, full view and cephalothorax. A. Lateral view, sagittally sectioned, anlagen of the antennae and maxillae, dorsal vessel, dorsoventral muscles of entire body, longitudinal muscles of abdomen; B. Lateral view, sagittally sectioned, anlagen of the indirect flight muscles, nervous system; C. Lateral view, sagittally sectioned, anlagen of indirect flight muscles, nervous system. ana*: antennal anlage; ep: epidermis; mx*: maxillary anlage. For designations of muscles see sections Prothorax, Mesothorax, Metathorax, Abdomen.

Fig. 2 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva

Fig. 2. Late male secondary larva of X. vesparum, 3D-reconstruction.A. Dorsal view, external morphology; B. Lateral view, external morphology; C.Ventral view, external morphology; D. Frontal view, external morphology. I–X: abdominal segments I–X; an: anus; ana*: antennal anlage; ce: compound eyes; fl*: anlage of forelegs; hc: head capsule; hl*: anlage of hindleg; md: mandibles; mdt: mandibular tooth; ml*: anlage of middle legs; mst: mesothorax; mtt: metathorax; mx*: maxillary anlage; osf: functional mouth opening; pt: prothorax; sbhp: segmental border head/prothorax; sbma: segmental border metathorax/abdomen; sbmm: segmental border meso-/metathorax; sbpm: segmental border pro-/mesothorax; sc: sclerotized clasp; ses: labral field; sp*: spiracular anlage; wia*: wing anlage.

Fig. 5 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva

Fig. 5. Late male secondary larva of X. vesparum, 3D-reconstruction, cephalothorax. A. Dorsal view, dorsal cuticle removed, anlagen, nervous system, mandibular muscles, and tracheal system; B. Dorsal view, dorsal cuticle removed, ventral longitudinal muscles; C. Lateral view, sagittally sectioned, spiracular muscles and tracheal system; D. Lateral view, sagittally sectioned, anlagen, dorsal longitudinal muscles, nervous system, and tracheal system. ana*: antennal anlage; ep: epidermis; mx*: maxillary anlage; sp*: spiracular anlage; tr: trachea. For designations of muscles see sections Mandibles, Prothorax, Mesothorax, Metathorax,Tracheal System.

Fig. 13 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva

Fig. 13. Late female secondary larva of X. vesparum, 3D-reconstruction, lateral and frontal views are shown according to the physiological orientation of the female. A. Dorsal view, external morphology; B. Lateral view, ventral side (physiological dorsal side) facing right, external morphology; C. Ventral view, external morphology; D. Frontal view, ventral side (physiological dorsal side) facing upwards, external morphology. bop*: anlage of the brood opening; ct: cephalothorax; I–X: abdominal segments I–X; md: mandible; mdt: mandibular tooth; mx: maxilla; osf: functional mouth opening; sbhp: segmental border head/ prothorax; sbmm: segmental border meso-/metathorax. sbpm: segmental border pro-/mesothorax; sc: sclerotized clasp; ses: labral field; sp*: spiracular anlage.

Fig. 12 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva

Fig. 12. Late female secondary larva of X. vesparum (Strepsiptera, Xenidae), photomicrography, lateral view is shown according to the physiological orientation of the female. A. Dorsal view, external morphology; B. Lateral view, ventral side (physiological dorsal side) facing right, external morphology; C. Ventral view, external morphology. I–X: abdominal segments I–X; md: mandible; sc: sclerotized clasp; st: stemma; ct: cephalothorax; sp*: spiracular anlage; sbma: segmental border metathorax/abdomen; sbmm: segmental border meso-/metathorax.

Fig. 18 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva

Fig. 18. Late female secondary larva of X. vesparum, histological cross sections.A. Posterior region of head, detailed view of stemmata; B. Posterior metathorax, details of spiracular muscles; C. Abdominal segment II, details of midgut; D. Abdominal segment II, details of birth organs; E. Posterior region of abdominal segment II, details of birth organ; F. Posterior region of double segment IX+X, details of posterior end of midgut; G. Posterior region of double segment IX+X, details of hindgut. abn: abdominal nerve; ag1: abdominal ganglion I; bo*: anlage of birth organs; fb: fat body; hg: hindgut; mg: midgut; oc: oocytes; rm: ring muscles of birth organ; st: stemmata; tr: tracheae. For designations of muscles see sectionTracheal System.

Fig. 7 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva

Fig. 7. Late male secondary larva of X. vesparum, 3D-reconstruction, cephalothorax, the same scale applies for A, C, and D. A. Lateral view, sagittally sectioned, anlagen and dorsal vessel; B. Dorsal view, dorsal cuticle removed, epidermis, wing and spiracular anlagen and anlagen of halteres; C. Lateral view, sagittally sectioned, anlagen, epipharyngeal and pharyngeal muscles, nervous system, digestive tract; D. Lateral view, sagittally sectioned, anlagen of antennae and maxillae, anlagen of thoracic muscles. ana*: antennal anlage; cer: brain; dv: dorsal vessel; ep: epidermis; epp: epidermal pouch; fg: foregut; fl*: anlage of the foreleg; haa*: anlage of a haltere; hl*: anlage of the hindleg; md: mandible; mg: midgut; ml*: anlage of the middle legs mx*: maxillary anlage; nel: leg nerve; os: anatomical mouth opening; pgc: postcerebral ganglionic complex; sp*: spiracular anlage; wia*: wing anlage. For designations of muscles see sections 3.1.2.8, Prothorax, Mesothorax, Metathorax, DigestiveTract.

Fig. 11 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva

Fig. 11. Late male secondary larva of X. vesparum, histological cross sections. A. Details of musculature of the foregut; B. Details of mandibular muscles and maxillary anlage; C. Details of musculature of the hindgut. fb: fat body; fg: foregut; hg: hindgut; mt: Malpighian tubules; mx*: maxillary anlage; rm: ring muscles of the hindgut. For designations of muscles see sections Mandibles, DigestiveTract.

Fig. 17. Late female secondary larva X. vesparum, histological cross sections. A in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva

Fig. 17. Late female secondary larva X. vesparum, histological cross sections. A. Anterior region of head; B. Head on level of brain; C. Posterior region of head on the level of the circumesophageal connectives; D. Cephalothorax on the level of the spiracles; E. Anterior region of abdominal segment I; F. Anterior region of abdominal segment II; G. Posterior section of abdominal double segment IX+X. abn: abdominal nerve; bo*: anlage of the birth organs; cer: brain; circ: circumoesophageal connectives; dv: dorsal vessel; ep: epidermis; fb: fat body; fg: foregut; mg: midgut; nea: antennal nerve; neo: optic nerve; ng: Nassonow′s glands; oc: oocytes; ol: optic lobes; pgc: postcerebral ganglionic complex; sp*: anlage of the spiracles; tran: anastomosis of the tracheal system. For designations of muscles see sections Cephalothorax, Mandibles, Abdomen, DigestiveTract.

Fig. 19 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva

Fig. 19. Late female secondary larva of X. vesparum, 3D-reconstruction, full view, lateral view is shown according to the physiological orientation of the female. A. Lateral view, ventral side (physiological dorsal side) facing upwards, sagittally sectioned, nervous system; B. Dorsal view, dorsal cuticle removed, nervous system. abn: abdominal nerve; ag1: abdominal ganglion I; ag2: abdominal ganglion II; cer: brain; circ: circumoesophageal connectives; fgl: frontal ganglion; nea: antennal nerve; nel: leg nerve; neo: optic nerve; ol: optic lobes; pgc: postcerebral ganglionic complex; sp*: spiracular anlage.

Fig. 16 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva

Fig. 16. Late female secondary larva of X. vesparum, 3D-reconstruction, cephalothorax, lateral views are shown according to the physiological orientation of the female. A. Lateral view, ventral side (physiological dorsal side) facing upwards, sagittally sectioned, dorsal vessel, dorsoventral muscles of cephalothorax and tracheal system; B. Lateral view, ventral side (physiological dorsal side) facing upwards, sagittally sectioned, dorsal vessel, dorsoventral muscles of cephalothorax and tracheal system; C. Lateral view, ventral side (physiological dorsal side) facing upwards, sagittally sectioned, epipharyngeal und pharyngeal muscles, nervous system, and digestive system. abn: abdominal nerve; dv: dorsal vessel; fg: foregut; mg: midgut; nel: leg nerve; os: anatomical mouth opening; pgc: postcerebral ganglionic complex; tr: tracheae. For designations of muscles see sections Cephalothorax, Epipharynx, DigestiveTract.