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Fig. 9 in On two closely related species of Xiphinema americanum-group: X. simile Lamberti, Choleva & Agostinelli, 1983 and X. parasimile Barsi & Lamberti, 2004 (Longidoridae), with a description of the male of X. parasimile

Fig. 9. Xiphinema simile Lamberti, Choleva et Agostinelli, 1983. Female: A-B, Anterior region; C, Ovarium with endosymbionts; D, Vagina and uteri with sperm; G, Vaginal region and part of the posterior genital branch; H-K, Vaginal region variation; M-O, Variation in tail shape; Male: E, Testis with sperm; F, Head end; L, Q, Spicules; P, Tail tip; R, Posterior end – copulatory muscles and midventral precloacal supplements. Scale bar: 20 µm.

Fig. 8 in On two closely related species of Xiphinema americanum-group: X. simile Lamberti, Choleva & Agostinelli, 1983 and X. parasimile Barsi & Lamberti, 2004 (Longidoridae), with a description of the male of X. parasimile

Fig. 8. Restriction fragments of amplified D1-D2 expansion domains of Xiphinema parasimile. A: Alu I, Av: Ava II, D: Dde I, N: Nde II, P: Pst I, R: Rsa I and M: 100bp ladder.

Fig. 6. Xiphinema parasimile. A-D in On two closely related species of Xiphinema americanum-group: X. simile Lamberti, Choleva & Agostinelli, 1983 and X. parasimile Barsi & Lamberti, 2004 (Longidoridae), with a description of the male of X. parasimile

Fig. 6. Xiphinema parasimile. A-D, Anterior region of first, second, third and forth juvenile stages; E, Female anterior end; F-I, Tail of first, second, third and forth juvenile stages; J, Female tail. Scale bar: A-J, 20 µm.

Fig. 3 in On two closely related species of Xiphinema americanum-group: X. simile Lamberti, Choleva & Agostinelli, 1983 and X. parasimile Barsi & Lamberti, 2004 (Longidoridae), with a description of the male of X. parasimile

Fig. 3. Variability of vulval region. A-C: Xiphinema parasimile, A1-A5: Vi; B1-B3: Or; C1-C3: paratypes; D-H: Xiphinema simile, D1-D5: KB; E1-E6: Or; F: Ka; G1-G3: SR; H: Kb. Scale bar: A-H=50 µm.

Fig. 4. Xiphinema parasimile. A-E in On two closely related species of Xiphinema americanum-group: X. simile Lamberti, Choleva & Agostinelli, 1983 and X. parasimile Barsi & Lamberti, 2004 (Longidoridae), with a description of the male of X. parasimile

Fig. 4. Xiphinema parasimile. A-E: Females. A, B: Anterior genital branch, Vi: C: Anterior genital branch, Or; D: Posterior genital branch, Or; E: Posterior genital branch, paratype; Xiphinema simile. F-K. Females. Posterior genital branches. F: Or; J: Ka; K: Ka; Anterior genital branches. G: Or; H: SR; I: KB; Scale bar: A-K=50 µm.

Fig. 2. Xiphinema parasimile. A, D, F, N, T in On two closely related species of Xiphinema americanum-group: X. simile Lamberti, Choleva & Agostinelli, 1983 and X. parasimile Barsi & Lamberti, 2004 (Longidoridae), with a description of the male of X. parasimile

Fig. 2. Xiphinema parasimile. A, D, F, N, T: Male. A: Anterior end; D: Pharyngeal bulb; F: Posterior end; N: Posterior testis; T: Habitus; I-K, P: Females. I: Anterior end, paratype specimen; J: Anterior end, Or; K: Anterior end, Vi; P: Pharyngeal bulb; Xiphinema simile; B, C, E, G, H, O, S: Males. B – Anterior end, SR; C: Anterior end, KB; E: Pharyngeal bulb, KB; G: Posterior end, KB; H: Posterior end, SR; O: Genital system, KB; S: Habitus; L, M, Q, R: Females. L: Anterior end, SR; M: Anterior end, KB; Q, R: Pharyngeal bulb, SR; R: Pharyngeal bulb, KB. Scale bars: A-R=50 µm; S, T=500 µm.

Fig. 5 in On two closely related species of Xiphinema americanum-group: X. simile Lamberti, Choleva & Agostinelli, 1983 and X. parasimile Barsi & Lamberti, 2004 (Longidoridae), with a description of the male of X. parasimile

Fig. 5. Variability of female tale shape in studied populations. A-C: Xiphinema parasimile, A1-A8: Vi; B1- B9: Or; C1-C3: paratypes; D-H: Xiphinema simile, D1-D5: SR; E1-E8: Or; F1-F2: Kb; G1: Ka; H1-H5: KB. Scale bar: A-H=50µm.

Fig. 10 in On two closely related species of Xiphinema americanum-group: X. simile Lamberti, Choleva & Agostinelli, 1983 and X. parasimile Barsi & Lamberti, 2004 (Longidoridae), with a description of the male of X. parasimile

Fig. 10. Xiphinema simile. Juveniles: A-C, Anterior region of first, second and third juvenile stages; D, Female anterior end; E-G, Tail of first, second and third juvenile stages; H, Female tail. I-L X. simile: I, Female anterior end, J, Vaginal region, K, L, Tail. Scale bar: 20 µm.

Fig. 7 in On two closely related species of Xiphinema americanum-group: X. simile Lamberti, Choleva & Agostinelli, 1983 and X. parasimile Barsi & Lamberti, 2004 (Longidoridae), with a description of the male of X. parasimile

Fig. 7. Scatter plot of odontostyle (■) and replacement odontostyle (□) against body length of Xiphinema parasimile juveniles and females from Vinogradets population.

Fig. 11 in On two closely related species of Xiphinema americanum-group: X. simile Lamberti, Choleva & Agostinelli, 1983 and X. parasimile Barsi & Lamberti, 2004 (Longidoridae), with a description of the male of X. parasimile

Fig. 11. Scatter plot of odontostyle (■) and replacement odontostyle (□) against body length of Xiphinema simile juveniles and females: A, Kalimok-Brashlen and B, Srebarna populations.

Figure 11. Phylogenetic relationships within the Xiphinema americanum-group complex. Bayesian 50 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 11. Phylogenetic relationships within the Xiphinema americanum-group complex. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree as inferred from partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (coxI) sequence alignment under a transversional of invariable sites and gamma-shaped distribution model TVM + I + G model. Posterior probabilities more than 65% are given for appropriate clades; bootstrap values greater than 50% are given on appropriate clades in the maximum likelihood analysis. Sequences newly obtained in this study in this study are in bold. Scale bar = expected changes per site.

Figure 7 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 7. Factor analysis of 11 morphometric characters used to characterize Xiphinema plesiopachtaicum sp. nov., Xiphinema vallense sp. nov., and Xiphinema pachtaicum-subgroup species. Left-hand side of panels: projection of morphometric characters on the plane of factors 1 and 2 (A), 1 and 3 (B), 1 and 4 (C), and 2 and 3 (D). Abbreviations: L, body length; V, (distance from anterior end to vulva/body length) × 100; OaGR, oral aperture-guiding ring distance; Lip, lip region width; Tail, female tail length; Hyaline, hyaline region length; a, body length/maximum body width; b, body length/pharyngeal length; c, body length/tail length; c′, tail length/body width at anus.

Figure 6 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 6. Light micrographs of Xiphinema astaregiense sp. nov. A, B, entire female and male, respectively. C–F, female neck region. G, pharyngeal bulb. H, vulval region. I–K, female tail regions from different specimens showing the morphological variability. L, M, male tail region, ventromedian supplements arrowed. Abbreviations: a, anus; gr, guiding ring; V, vulva. Scale bars: A, B = 200 μm; C–M = 20 μm.

Figure 4 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 4. Light micrographs of Xiphinema vallense sp. nov. A, entire female. B, E, female neck region. C, D, F, female lip region. G, vulval region. H–M, female tail regions from different specimens showing the morphological variability. N–O, male tail, ventromedian supplements arrowed. Abbreviations: a, anus; gr, guiding ring; V, vulva. Scale bars: A = 200 μm; B–O = 20 μm.

Figure 3 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 3. Light micrographs of Xiphinema plesiopachtaicum sp. nov. A, entire female. B, female neck region. C, D, female lip region. E, vulval region. F–K, female tail regions from different specimens showing the morphological variability. Abbreviations: a, anus; gr, guiding ring; V, vulva. Scale bars: A = 100 μm; B–K = 20 μm.

Figure 8 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 8. Factor analysis of 11 morphometric characters used to characterize Xiphinema plesiopachtaicum sp. nov., Xiphinema vallense sp. nov., and Xiphinema pachtaicum-subgroup species. Projection of Xiphinema americanum- group species on the plane of factor 1 and 2 (A), 1 and 3 (B), 1 and 4 (C), and 2 and 3 (D).

Figure 1 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 1. Line drawings of: A–D, Xiphinema plesiopachtaicum sp. nov.; E–H, Xiphinema vallense sp. nov.; I–L, Xiphinema astaregiense sp. nov. A, E, I, female lip regions. B–D, F, G, J, K, female tail regions. H, L, male tail regions.

Figure 2 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 2. Line drawings of pharyngeal bulb and anterior genital branch of: A, B, Xiphinema plesiopachtaicum sp. nov.; C, D, Xiphinema vallense sp. nov.; E, F, Xiphinema astaregiense sp. nov.

Figure 10. Phylogenetic relationships within the Xiphinema americanum-group complex. Bayesian 50 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 10. Phylogenetic relationships within the Xiphinema americanum-group complex. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree as inferred from internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) rRNA sequence alignment under the general timereversible and gamma-shaped distribution model. Posterior probabilities more than 65% are given for appropriate clades; bootstrap values greater than 50% are given on appropriate clades in the maximum likelihood analysis. Sequences newly obtained in this study are in bold. Scale bar = expected changes per site.

Figure 5 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 5. Relationship between body length and functional and replacement odontostyle (Ost and rOst, respectively) length in all developmental stages from first-stage juveniles (J1) to mature females of: A, Xiphinema vallense sp. nov. and B, Xiphinema astaregiense sp. nov.