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Sex differences in behavioural and anatomical estimates of visual acuity in the green swordtail Xiphophorus helleri
<p>Among fishes in the family Poeciliidae, signals such as colour patterns, ornaments, and courtship displays play important roles in mate choice and male-male competition. Despite this, visual capabilities in Poeciliids are understudied, in particular visual acuity, the ability to resolve detail. We used three methods to quantify visual acuity in male and female green swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri), a species in which body size and the length of the male's extended caudal fin ('sword') serve as assessment signals during mate choice and agonistic encounters. Topographic distribution of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) was similar in all individuals and characterized by areas of high cell densities located centro-temporally and nasally, as well as a weak horizontal streak. Based on the peak density of RGC in the centro-temporal area, anatomical acuity was estimated to be approximately 3 cycles/degree (cpd) in both sexes. However, a behavioural optomotor assay found significantly lower mean acuity in males (0.8 cpd) than females (3.0 cpd), which was not explained by differences in eye size between males and females. An additional behavioural assay, in which we trained individuals to discriminate striped gratings from grey stimuli of the same mean luminance, also showed lower acuity in males (1-2 cpd) than females (2-3 cpd). Thus, although retinal anatomy predicts identical acuity in males and females, two behavioural assays found higher acuity in females than males, a sexual dimorphism which is rare outside of invertebrates. Overall, our results have implications for understanding how Poeciliids perceive visual signals during mate choice and agonistic encounters.</p>
Fig. 70. Xiphophorus hellerii, 41.8 in The non-native freshwater fishes of Singapore: an annotated compilation
Fig. 70. Xiphophorus hellerii, 41.8 mm SL male (top), 39.1 mm SL female (bottom); trade material (wild type colour form).
Fig. 4 in Two New Species of Xiphophorus (Poeciliidae) from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, with a Discussion of the Distribution of the X. clemenciae Clade
Fig. 4. Photomicrographs of the distal part of gonopodia of clemenciaeclade fishes. A. Gonopodium of a X. clemenciae. B. Gonopodium derived from a X. mixei. C. Gonopodium excised from a X. monticolus. Scale bar for X. mixei is 0.5 mm and applies to all three images. Arrowheads depict the most distal spine of ray 3, which differs among taxa (see text).
Fig. 1 in Two New Species of Xiphophorus (Poeciliidae) from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, with a Discussion of the Distribution of the X. clemenciae Clade
Fig. 1. Xiphophorus fishes of the Coatzacoalcos River System. A, B. X. mixei female and male. C, D. X. monticolus female and male. E, F. X. clemenciae female and male. G, H. X. helleri female and male. I, J. X. maculatus female and male.
Fig. 3. A in Two New Species of Xiphophorus (Poeciliidae) from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, with a Discussion of the Distribution of the X. clemenciae Clade
Fig. 3. A. Photomicrograph of the distal part of a gonopodium of a X. helleri (Rio Robalo). Scale bar is 0.5 mm. B. Closeup of gonopodium shown in panel A, showing anatomical nomenclature used in gonopodial descriptions (after Gordon and Rosen, 1951). Scale bar is 0.16 mm.
Fig. 2 in Two New Species of Xiphophorus (Poeciliidae) from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, with a Discussion of the Distribution of the X. clemenciae Clade
Fig. 2. Data points recorded for morphometric measurements. Drawing of a male X. clemenciae with morphological landmarks indicated (see text).
Fig. 48. Xiphophorus hellerii, 34.8 in The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins
Fig. 48. Xiphophorus hellerii, 34.8 mm SL female (top), 35.1 mm SL male (middle), Wong Lung Hang Stream, 38.8 mm SL redvariety male (bottom), Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve.
Fig. 7 in Echinoderes xiphophorus sp. nov. - the first deep-water representative of Echinoderidae in the Sea of Japan (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida)
Fig. 7. Echinoderes xiphophorus sp. nov., SEM micrographs. A–B. ♂, ventral view. A. Trunk segments 1–2. B. Trunk segments 2–5. — C–E. ♀, dorsal view. C. Trunk segments 6–9. D. Trunk segment 9. E. Subdorsal sensory spot on trunk segment 9. Abbreviations: ldss = laterodorsal sensory spot; lvs = lateroventral spine; lvt = lateroventral tube; mds = middorsal spine; pdss = paradorsal sensory spot; sdss = subdorsal sensory spot; slt = sublateral tube; vlt = ventrolateral tube; vmss = ventromedial sensory spot. White circles indicate sensory spots. Numbers indicate the number of the trunk segment. Scale bars: A–D = 10 µm; E = 2 µm.
Fig. 3 in Echinoderes xiphophorus sp. nov. - the first deep-water representative of Echinoderidae in the Sea of Japan (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida)
Fig. 3. Echinoderes xiphophorus sp. nov., paratype ♂ (MIMB 41348), trunk segments 1–6, light micrographs. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Abbreviations: cut = cuticular scars; dvm = dorsoventral muscle attachment site; mdgo = middorsal glandular cell outlet of type 1; mdss = middorsal sensory spot; pdgo = paradorsal glandular cell outlet of type 1; vlt = ventrolateral tube; vmgo = ventromedial glandular cell outlet type 1; vmss = ventromedial sensory spot. White circles indicate sensory spots. Dotted white circles indicate glandular cell outlets. Numbers indicate the number of the trunk segment. Scale bars = 50 µm.
Fig. 6 in Echinoderes xiphophorus sp. nov. - the first deep-water representative of Echinoderidae in the Sea of Japan (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida)
Fig. 6. Echinoderes xiphophorus sp. nov., ♂, SEM micrographs. A, D. Dorsolateral view. B, C, E. Dorsal view. A. Head, neck, and trunk segment 1. B. Trunk segments 1–4. C. Middorsal glandular cell outlet type 1 on trunk segment 1. D. Trunk segments 5–7. E. Trunk segments 8–10. Abbreviations: ldss = laterodorsal sensory spot; mdgo = middorsal glandular cell outlet type 1; mds = middorsal spine; mdss = middorsal sensory spot; mlss = midlateral sensory spot; mlt = midlateral tube; pdss = paradorsal sensory spot; sdss = subdorsal sensory spot; sdt = subdorsal tube; slt = sublateral tube. White circles indicate sensory spots. Dotted white circles indicate glandular cell outlets. Numbers indicate the number of the trunk segment. Scale bars: A–B, D–E = 10 µm; C = 1 µm.
Fig. 2 in Echinoderes xiphophorus sp. nov. - the first deep-water representative of Echinoderidae in the Sea of Japan (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida)
Fig. 2. Echinoderes xiphophorus sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (MIMB 41347), light micrographs. A–C. Dorsal view. D–E. Ventral view. A. Trunk segments 1–8. B. Trunk segments 7–10. C. Trunk segments 10– 11. D. Trunk segments 1–8. E. Trunk segments 7–11. Abbreviations: lts = lateral terminal spine; lvs = lateroventral spine; mdgo = middorsal glandular cell outlet type 1; mds = middorsal spine; mdss = middorsal sensory spot; pdgo = paradorsal glandular cell outlet type 1; pdss = paradorsal sensory spot; sdss = subdorsal sensory spot; sdt = subdorsal tube; slt = sublateral tube; spe = spermatozoa; swa = sword-like appendage; tex = tergal extension; vlgo = ventrolateral glandular cell outlet type 1; vls = ventrolateral spine; vlss = ventrolateral sensory spot; vmgo = ventromedial glandular cell outlet type 1; vmss = ventromedial sensory spot. White circles indicate sensory spots, dotted white circles indicate glandular cell outlets. Numbers indicate the number of the trunk segment. Scale bars = 50 µm.
Fig. 1 in Echinoderes xiphophorus sp. nov. - the first deep-water representative of Echinoderidae in the Sea of Japan (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida)
Fig. 1. Echinoderes xiphophorus sp. nov., ♂. A. Whole animal, dorsal view. B. Whole animal, ventral view. C. Lateral terminal spine. Abbreviations: ldss = laterodorsal sensory spot; lts = lateral terminal spine; lvs = lateroventral spine; lvss = lateroventral sensory spot; lvt = lateroventral tube; mdgo = middorsal glandular cell outlet type 1; mds = middorsal spine; mdss = middorsal sensory spot; mlss = midlateral sensory spot; mlt = midlateral tube; pdgo = paradorsal glandular cell outlet type 1; pdss = paradorsal sensory spot; ps = penile spine; sdss = subdorsal sensory spot; sdt = subdorsal tube; slt = sublateral tube; swa = sword-like appendage; tex = tergal extension; vlss = ventrolateral sensory spot; vlt = ventrolateral tube; vmgo = ventromedial glandular cell outlet type 1; vmss = ventromedial sensory spot. Numbers indicate the number of the trunk segment. Scale bar = 50 µm.
Fig. 8 in Echinoderes xiphophorus sp. nov. - the first deep-water representative of Echinoderidae in the Sea of Japan (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida)
Fig. 8. Echinoderes xiphophorus sp. nov., SEM micrographs. A–B. ♂, trunk segments 10–11. A. Dorsolateral view. B. Dorsal view. — C–D. ♀, trunk segments 9–11. C. Lateral view. D. Posterior view. Abbreviations: lds = laterodorsal spine / tube; ldss = laterodorsal sensory spot; ltas = lateral terminal accessory spine; lts = lateral terminal spine; mde = middorsal elevation; pdss = paradorsal sensory spot; ps = penile spine; sdss = subdorsal sensory spot; slt = sublateral tube; swa = sword-like appendage; tex = tergal extension. White circlets indicate sensory spots. Numbers after ps indicate the number of the pair, the number after slt indicates the number of the trunk segment. Scale bars: A, C–D = 10 µm; B = 20 µm.
Fig. 5 in Echinoderes xiphophorus sp. nov. - the first deep-water representative of Echinoderidae in the Sea of Japan (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida)
Fig. 5. Echinoderes xiphophorus sp. nov., ♂, SEM micrograph of uncoated specimen, ventral view. Abbreviations: lvss = lateroventral sensory spot; mdgo = middorsal glandular cell outlet type 1; swa = sword-like appendage; vlt = ventrolateral tube; vmgo = ventromedial glandular cell outlet type 1; vmss = ventromedial sensory spot. White circles indicate sensory spots. Dotted white circles indicate glandular cell outlets. Number after vlt indicates the number of the trunk segment. Scale bar = 10 µm.
Data from: The perceptual effects of signal components: Black sword margins are crucial for signal size discrimination in green swordtails Xiphophorus hellerii
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Sex differences in behavioural and anatomical estimates of visual acuity in the green swordtail Xiphophorus helleri
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Characterizing a lethal mitonuclear incompatibility in naturally hybridizing Xiphophorus swordtails
<p><span>The evolution of reproductive barriers is the first step in the formation of new species and can help us understand the diversification of life on Earth. These reproductive barriers often take the form of "hybrid incompatibilities," where alleles derived from two different species no longer interact properly in hybrids</span><span>. Theory predicts that hybrid incompatibilities may be more likely to arise at rapidly evolving genes</span><span> and that incompatibilities involving multiple genes should be common</span><span>, but there has been sparse empirical data to evaluate these predictions. Here, we describe a mitonuclear incompatibility involving three genes in physical contact within respiratory Complex I </span><span>of </span><span>naturally hybridizing swordtail fish species. Individuals homozygous for mismatched protein combinations fail to complete embryonic development or die as juveniles, while those heterozygous for the incompatibility have reduced </span><span>Complex I </span><span>function and unbalanced representation of parental alleles in the mitochondrial proteome. We find that the impacts of different genetic interactions on survival are non-additive, highlighting subtle complexity in the genetic architecture of hybrid incompatibilities. </span><span>Finally, we</span><span> document the evolutionary history of the genes involved, showing </span><span>signals of accelerated</span> <span>evolution and the first</span> <span>case of </span><span>an incompatibility transferred between species via hybridization. </span></p>
Fig. 71. Xiphophorus maculatus, 27.3 in The non-native freshwater fishes of Singapore: an annotated compilation
Fig. 71. Xiphophorus maculatus, 27.3 mm SL, Mount Pleasant.
Male Xiphophorus multilineatus behavioral, brain weight, and testes weight data
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Behavioural plasticity may require energetically expensive sensory and neural adaptations to detect, process, and respond to social cues. These costs could lead to selection against behavioural plasticity and its eventual loss. We show that males from the behavioural plastic alternative reproductive tactic (ART) in the swordtail fish <em>Xiphophorus multilineatus</em> have relatively larger brains, in addition to a trade off with testes size, that is not detected in the males from the behaviourally fixed ART. Given these costs, we consider the hypothesis that plasticity in mating behaviours is maintained due to intralocus tactical conflict, where a shared genome can constrain one or both ARTs from evolving to their optima. When we reduced any potential for intralocus tactical conflict by removing the behaviourally fixed ART from long-term breeding mesocosms, the males from the behaviourally plastic ART were less plastic and had smaller brains as compared to their counterpart from control mesocosms (both male ARTs). We also detected evidence for a genetic correlation between the ARTs for behaviour, which is required for intralocus conflict. Our findings suggest that intralocus tactical conflict could be maintaining behavioural plasticity, in which case behavioural plasticity may not be adaptative in some cases.</span></p>
Male Xiphophorus multilineatus behavioral, brain weight, and testes weight data
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