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Fig. 7. A–F. Megaxyela langstoni Ross, 1936 in Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America

Fig. 7. A–F. Megaxyela langstoni Ross, 1936, ♀ (A–C = holotype, DEI-GISHym 30821, INHS; D–F = 30822, USNM). G–K. M. major (Cresson, 1880), ♂, paratype (30823, ANSP). A–B. ♀, holotype, habitus dorsal/lateroventral. C. ♀, holotype, head frontal. D–E. ♀, metatarsus, lateral/ventral. F. ♀, abdomen lateroventral. G–H. Habitus dorsal/lateroventral. I. Head frontal. J–K. Metatarsus lateral/ ventral.

Fig. 10. Megaxyela togashii Shinohara, 1992 in Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America

Fig. 10. Megaxyela togashii Shinohara, 1992, ♀, holotype, DEI-GISHym 22352 (NSMT); ♂, 22354, (NSMT). A–B. Habitus dorsal/lateroventral (♀). C. Head frontal (♀). D–E. Habitus dorsal/lateroventral (♂). F. Head frontal (♂). G–H. Metatarsus lateral/ventral (♀). I–J. Metatarsus lateral/ventral (♂). Arrows in Fig. 10B and 10F indicate dark spots of abdominal sterna, arrowheads in H and J indicate minute pulvilli.

Fig. 11 in Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America

Fig. 11. Species of Megaxyela Ashmead, 1898, ovipositor sheaths. A. M. euchroma Blank, Shinohara & Wei sp. nov. (holotype, DEI-GISHym 22554, CSCS). B. M. fulvago Blank, Shinohara & Wei sp. nov. (5752, NSMT). C. M. gigantea Mocsáry, 1909, holotype of M. mikado Sato, 1930 (22350, NSMT). D. M. inversa Blank & D.R. Smith sp. nov., paratype (22356, USNM). E. M. langstoni Ross, 1936, holotype (30821, INHS). F. M. parki Shinohara, 1992 (18510, NSMT). G. M. pulchra Blank, Shinohara & Sundukov sp. nov., holotype (18501, NSMT). H. M. togashii Shinohara, 1992, holotype (22352, NSMT). Images not to the same scale.

Fig. 2 in Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic hypothesis of Megaxyela Ashmead, 1898, based on a Maximum Likelihood analysis of the barcoding region (COI-5P) applying the the Jukes-Cantor model. Two specimens of Macroxyela ferruginea (Say, 1824) have been included as outgroup. See Material and Methods for details. Bootstrap values above 50 % are shown next to the concerning nodes. The labels of the individual specimens consist of species name, voucher number (for Megaxyela identical with the DEI-GISHym numbers used in the text, for Macroxyela GenBank accession number), sex (♀ for females, ♂ for males) or larva, country and province of origin, and sequence length.

Fig. 3 in Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America

Fig. 3. Megaxyela euchroma Blank, Shinohara & Wei sp. nov. A–B. Habitus dorsal/lateral (♀, holotype, DEI-GISHym 22554, CSCS). C. Abdomen ventral, arrowheads indicating white stripe along ventral edge of terga (♀, 22511, NSMT). D–E. Habitus dorsal/lateroventral (♂, 22514, NSMT). F–G. Head, obliquely lateral/frontal, arrowheads indicating carina along inner orbit (♂, 22510, NSMT). H–K. Metatarsus, lateroventral (♀, holotype, 22554, CSCS), ventral (♀, 22510, NSMT), tarsomeres 1–2, ventral, arrowheads indicating small pulvilli (♀, 22509, NSMT), lateroventral (♂, 22513, NSMT).

Fig. 13 in Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America

Fig. 13. Species of Megaxyela Ashmead, 1898, penis valves (A–F) and genitalia capsules (G–I). A. M. euchroma Blank, Shinohara & Wei sp. nov. (DEI-GISHym 22513, NSMT). B. M. fulvago Blank, Shinohara & Wei sp. nov. (5239, NSMT). C. M. gigantea Mocsáry, 1909 (708, NSMT). D. M. parki Shinohara, 1992 (710, NSMT). E. M. pulchra Blank, Shinohara & Sundukov sp. nov. (18503, NSMT). F. M. togashii Shinohara, 1992 (22521, NSMT). G–H. M. gigantea, genitalia capsule in dorsal/ventral view (18507, NSMT). I. M. pulchra sp. nov., genitalia capsule in dorso-posterior view (22349, NSMT). Arrow heads in Fig. 13H–I indicate lobe of upper side of valviceps coiled laterally. Images not to same scale.

Fig. 1. Megaxyela Ashmead, 1898, morphological terminology. A. M in Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America

Fig. 1. Megaxyela Ashmead, 1898, morphological terminology. A. M. major (Cresson, 1880) (♀, paralectotype, DEI-GISHym 30823, ANSP), wings. B. M. parki Shinohara, 1992 (♀, 18509, NSMT), section of fore wing. C. M. euchroma Blank, Shinohara & Wei sp. nov. (♂, paratype, 22513, NSMT), penis valve. D. M. parki (♂, 710, NSMT), antenna. E. M. gigantea Mocsáry, 1909 (♀, holotype of M. mikado Sato, 1930, 22350, NSMT), ovipositor and ovipositor sheath, with indication of measurement of length of valvifer 2 (blue), valvula 3 (white), and width of valvula 3 (yellow). F. M. euchroma sp. nov. (♀, paratype, 22558, CSCS), section of ovipositor, white arrow heads indicating teeth of ctenidia on valvulae 1 and 2.

Fig. 12 in Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America

Fig. 12. Species of Megaxyela Ashmead, 1898, ovipositors. A. M. euchroma Blank, Shinohara & Wei sp. nov., paratype, DEI-GISHym 22510 (NSMT). B–C. M. fulvago Blank, Shinohara & Wei sp. nov., paratype (5752, NSMT). C. Complete valvula 2 (incident light) and tip of valvula 2 (insert, transmitted light). D. M. inversa Blank & D.R. Smith sp. nov., paratype (22356, USNM). E. M. gigantea Mocsáry, 1909, holotype of M. mikado Sato, 1930 (22350, NSMT). F. M. parki Shinohara, 1992, paratype (18510, NSMT). G. M. pulchra Blank, Shinohara & Sundukov sp. nov., paratype (22348, NSMT). H. M. togashii Shinohara, 1992 (22353, NSMT). The images in B and H have been flipped horizontally.

Fig. 14 in Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America

Fig. 14. Distribution of species of Megaxyela Ashmead, 1898 in East Asia. Records of M. togashii Shinohara, 1992 include reliable records published by Shinohara (1992, 2006), Tanaka (1999), Yamada (2000), Naito et al. (2004) and Shinohara et al. (2017). Other distribution data are based on examination of material in course of this work.

Fig. 5 in Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America

Fig. 5. Megaxyela gigantea Mocsáry, 1909. A–B. Habitus dorsal/lateroventral (♀, holotype of M. mikado, DEI-GISHym 22350, NSMT). C–D. Habitus dorsal/lateroventral (♂, 18507, NSMT). E. Head frontal (♀, holotype of M. mikado, 22350, NSMT). F–G. Metatarsus lateral/ventral (♀, holotype of M. mikado, 22350, NSMT). H. Metatarsus ventral (♂, 18507, NSMT).

Fig. 6. Megaxyela inversa Blank & D.R in Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America

Fig. 6. Megaxyela inversa Blank & D.R. Smith sp. nov. (♀, paratype, DEI-GISHym 22356, USNM). A. Habitus, lateral; small insertion: original collection labels. B. Antenna. C. Head, frontal, arrowhead indicating carina along inner orbit. D–E. Metatarsus, lateral/lateroventral view. F–G. Wings.

Fig. 4 in Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America

Fig. 4. Megaxyela fulvago Blank, Shinohara & Wei sp. nov. A. Habitus lateral (♀, DEI-GISHym 5752, NSMT). B. Metatarsus lateral (♀, 5752, NSMT). C–D. Metatarsus lateral/ventral (♂, holotype, 5236, CSCS). E–F. Habitus dorsal/lateroventral (♂, holotype, 5236, CSCS). G. Head frontal (♂, 5239, NSMT).

Fig. 9 in Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America

Fig. 9. Megaxyela pulchra Blank, Shinohara & Sundukov sp. nov. A–B. Habitus dorsal/lateroventral (♀, holotype, DEI-GISHym 86249, ZIN). C. Abdomen lateroventral, arrowheads indicating black anterolateral spots on sterna (♀, 18504, NSMT). D–E. Habitus dorsal/lateroventral (♂, 22349, NSMT). F. Head frontal (♀, holotype, 86249, ZIN). G–I. Metatarsus ventral (♀, 22346, NSMT), lateral (♀, 22346, NSMT), lateral (♂, 22349, NSMT).

Fig. 8. Megaxyela parki Shinohara, 1992. A–B in Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America

Fig. 8. Megaxyela parki Shinohara, 1992. A–B. Habitus dorsal/lateroventral (♀, DEI-GISHym 18509, NSMT). C–D. Habitus dorsal/lateroventral (♂, 710, NSMT). E. Head frontal (♂, 710, NSMT). F–G. Metatarsus lateral/ventral, arrowheads indicate pulvilli (♀, 18509, NSMT). H. Metatarsus lateral (♂, 710, NSMT).

Figure 6 in Past ecosystems drive the evolution of the early diverged Symphyta (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae) since the earliest Eocene

Figure 6. (A) Map of the Eocene world with vegetation simulated by BIOME4 (modified from Herold et al., 2014) and distribution of extant Xyelidae (from https://v3.boldsystems.org, last access: 7 November 2021). (B) World map of the Cretaceous period at 105 Ma with xyelid localities indicated. (C) World map of the Jurassic period at 170 Ma with xyelid localities indicated. (D) World map of the Triassic period at 220 Ma with xyelid localities indicated (B, C, D; ' PALEOMAP project).

Figure 5 in Past ecosystems drive the evolution of the early diverged Symphyta (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae) since the earliest Eocene

Figure 5. Proxyelia pankowskii gen. et sp. nov. Holotype FOBU14313. (A) Detailed photograph of head. (B) Interpretative line drawing of antenna. (C) Detailed photograph of pterostigma. (D) Interpretative line drawing of venation with cell (in bold) and vein names labeled. (E) Detailed view of apical part of abdomen. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 1 in Past ecosystems drive the evolution of the early diverged Symphyta (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae) since the earliest Eocene

Figure 1. Photograph of Paleoxyela nearctica gen. et sp. nov. Holotype UCM 18643. Scale bar: 5 mm. (' Talia Karim).

Figure 2 in Past ecosystems drive the evolution of the early diverged Symphyta (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae) since the earliest Eocene

Figure 2. Paleoxyela nearctica gen. et sp. nov. Holotype UCM 18643. (A) Detailed photograph of head and thorax. (B) Detailed photograph of right wings. (C) Detailed photograph of left wings. Scale bars: 1 mm. (' Talia Karim).

Figure 3 in Past ecosystems drive the evolution of the early diverged Symphyta (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae) since the earliest Eocene

Figure 3. Paleoxyela nearctica gen. et sp. nov. Holotype UCM 18643. (A) Interpretative line drawing of right wing venation with cell (in bold) and vein names labeled. (B) Interpretative line drawing of venation of left wings with cell (in bold) and vein names labeled. Scale bars: 1 mm.