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56 results for “Yak”
A chromosome-scale reference genome and genome-wide genetic variations elucidate adaptation in yak
<p>Yak is an important livestock for the people who lived in harsh and oxygen-deprived Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and Hindu-Kush Himalayan Mountains. Although there is a yak genome be sequenced in 2012, the assembly is quite fragmented due to the limitation of Illumina sequencing technology. An accurate and complete reference genome is critical for studying genetic variation of a specie. Long-read sequences are more complete than short-read ones, and they have been successfully used for high-quality genome assembly in several species. Here, we present a high-quality assembly of the yak genome (PB_v1.0) at chromosome scale, which was constructed using long-read sequencing technology assisted by chromatin interaction technology. Compared to the previous yak genome assembly (BosGru_v2.0), the PB_v1.0 assembly has substantially improved chromosome sequence continuity, minimized repetitive structure ambiguity, and achieved gene model completeness. To intensively characterize genetic variation of yak, we generated de novo genome assemblies based on Illumina short reads of seven recognized domestic yak breeds from Tibet and Sichuan as well as one wild yak from Hoh Xil. By comparing these eight assemblies to the PB_v1.0 genome, we obtained a comprehensive map of yak genetic diversity at whole genome level and identified a few protein-coding genes that were absent from the PB_v1.0 assembly. Although wild yak suffered bottleneck effect, the genetic diversity of wild yak is still higher than that of domestic yak. By whole genome alignment, we identified breed-specific sequences and genes, this will help the breeds identification of yak.</p>
Data for the article "Management of social behaviour of domestic yaks in Manang, Nepal: an etho-ethnographic study"
<p>Data for the paper "Social behaviour of domestic yaks in Manang, Nepal: an etho-ethnographic study". ANimated GIFs, GPS data, activity data and proximity data.</p> <p>Herdsmen use different techniques, as per varying geographies and cultures, to keep the cohesion within herds and avoid animals getting lost or predated. However, there is no study on the social behaviour of yaks and on herdsmen management practices. Therefore, this ethology study was initiated by ethnographic inquiries. We collected data from two herds living at the same settlement (Yak kharka, 4,100 m altitude, Nepal) by equipping them with loggers. One of the herdsman used the tether rope while other did not. Moreover, the Thaku herd had a more proactive shepherd than the Phurba one. In each herd, 17 animals were equipped with one actigraph wgt3x-BT to measure activity using accelerometer and spatial associations using proximity recorder. One of the herds was equipped with GPS (N=11) as well. Using GPS locations and activity, we showed that the two herds were cohesive and synchronised their activities but the herd with the tether rope was more cohesive.</p>
Interactive effects of plant litter type and yak excrement on litter decomposition in a shrub-encroached alpine meadow
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A chromosome-scale reference genome and genome-wide genetic variations elucidate adaptation in yak
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Data from: Simultaneous removal of fluoride and arsenic in geothermal water in Tibet using modified yak dung biochar as an adsorbent
Fluoride (F) and arsenic (As) are two typical and harmful elements that are found in high concentrations in geothermal water in Tibet. In the present work, yak dung, an abundant source of biomass energy in Tibet, was made into biochars (BC1, BC2 and BC3) by pyrolysis under different conditions, and the better biochar was modified by FeCl2 (Fe-BC3). The adsorption conditions were optimized to adsorb F and As in geothermal water. The results showed that BC3 can remove 90% F- and 20% As(V), which is the best effect of the three initial biochars. Fe-BC3 could remove 94% F- and 99.45% As(V) under the same conditions as BC3, which was an adsorbent dosage 10 g/L, pH 5-6 and temperature of 25 °C. It was also demonstrated that the removal rate did not decrease at 80 °C. A quasi-second-order kinetic model best described the adsorption behavior of ions on the surface of the biochar. The maximum adsorption capacity of F- and As(V) on Fe-BC3 was 3.928 mg/g and 2.926 mg/g, respectively. The features of Fe-BC3 were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to understand the adsorption process.
Differential Proteomics of Placentas Revels Metabolic Disturbance and Oxidative Stress Participate Spontaneous Abortion during Late Pregnancy in Yak
<p>Supplementary tables used for a article titled "Differential Proteomics of Placentas Revels Metabolic Disturbance and Oxidative Stress Participate Spontaneous Abortion during Late Pregnancy in Yak"</p>
YAK PARASITE INJECTABLES: Bde skyid (Xingfu), Mgo mang (Guomaying) Township, Mang rdzong (Guinan) County, Mstho lho (Hainan) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Mstho sngon (Qinghai) Province, PR China
<p>YAK PARASITE INJECTABLES: Bde skyid (Xingfu), Mgo mang (Guomaying) Township, Mang rdzong (Guinan) County, Mstho lho (Hainan) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Mstho sngon (Qinghai) Province, PR China</p> <p> by Gser mo mtho གསེར་མོ་མཚོ། (赛毛措 Saimaocuo)</p> <p> On Tuesday, March 24, 2024, I visited my older sister's home in Bde skyid (Xingfu), Mgo mang (Guomaying) Township, Mang rdzong (Guinan) County, Mstho lho (Hainan) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Mstho sngon (Qinghai) Province, PR China, which required approximately thirty-five minutes from my home by private car. My sister, Ma rdo (b. 1984), married Rta lo rgyal (b. 1978) when she was seventeen in an arranged marriage. They have two daughters and a son.</p> <p>Rta lo rgyal informed me that he administered medication to the yaks to treat parasites, but the parasites returned in a week. Recently, a veterinarian informed him about anti-parasite injectables that offered three months of protection. Thus, he planned to go to town the next day to obtain the injectables</p> <p><a name="OLE_LINK3"></a><a name="OLE_LINK6"></a>Sister and I led the yaks into an enclosure on government-owned land. The government allows herders to graze their livestock on this land after harvest. Most herders use this land because they can do so without paying, but only in winter and early autumn. The land is a fifteen-minute walk from their homes.</p> <p>On Monday, March 25, 2024, at 5 AM, Rta lo rgyal went to town to get the injectables, which took forty minutes from his home by private car. He returned at 9 AM. We started administering the injectables at 9:30 AM. Neighbors assisted. It took two hours to treat one hundred yaks.</p> <p> </p> <p>TIBETAN TERMS</p> <p>bde skyid བདེ་སྐྱིད།</p> <p>gser mo mtho གསེར་མོ་མཚོ།</p> <p>ma rdo མ་རྡོ།</p> <p>mang zdong མང་རྫོང་།</p> <p>mgo mang མགོ་མང་།</p> <p>mstho lho མཚོ་ལྷོ།</p> <p>mstho snon མཚོ་སྔོན།</p> <p>rgaya kho རྒྱ་ཁོ།</p> <p>rta lo rgyal རྟ་ལོ་རྒྱལ།</p> <p>sha rgya ཤ་རྒྱ།</p> <p> </p> <p>CHINESE TERMS</p> <p>Guinan 贵南</p> <p>Guoma Ying 过马营</p> <p>Hainan 海南</p> <p>Qinghai 青海</p> <p>Xingfu 幸福</p>
TIBETAN SRUNG RTAGS AND YAK PARASITE TREATMENT, Sha rgya Community, Mgo mang (Guomaying) Township, Mang rdzong (Guinan) County, Mstho lho (Hainan) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Mstho sngon (Qinghai) Province, PR China
<p>TIBETAN <em>SRUNG RTAGS</em> AND YAK PARASITE TREATMENT, Sha rgya Community, Mgo mang (Guomaying) Township, Mang rdzong (Guinan) County, Mstho lho (Hainan) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Mstho sngon (Qinghai) Province, PR China</p> <p><a name="OLE_LINK9"></a>by Gser mo mtho གསེར་མོ་མཚོ། (赛毛措 Saimaocuo)</p> <p>I recorded my maternal grandmother (Dkar mo rgyal, b. 1937) and my mother (Rgya kho, b. 1964) making <em>srung rtags</em> 'protective clothing labels from wool and a cloth' using my iPhone 12 on Friday, March 1, 2024. Grandmother explained that the wool must be greased because grease symbolizes wealth and merit. In our home in <a name="OLE_LINK5"></a>Sha rgya Community, <a name="OLE_LINK2"></a>Mgo mang (Guomaying) Township, Mang rdzong (Guinan) County, Mstho lho (Hainan) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Mstho sngon (Qinghai) Province, PR China, we perform the Srung rtags ritual once a year, usually on the first, third, or fifteenth day of the Lunar New Year. These days are considered auspicious. The ritual's purpose is to eliminate all distractions and obstacles to complete what you desire as soon as possible.</p> <p>On the first day, Grandmother and Mother made six <em>srung rtags</em> for six different yaks belonging to guardian deities: Dpa’ ldan lha mo, Yul lha, A myes dam chen mgar ba nag po, A myes glang chen, A myes rma chen, and Sman chu’i a ma lab sgron ma, which took twenty minutes. Mother mentioned that she didn't want to make <em>srung rtags</em> for Dpa’ Idan Iha mo, a female guardian deity because one yak that had belonged to her after the yak died suddenly. Grandmother believed this was because the deity was unhappy. Grandmother said a <em>bla ma</em> said that ten of our yaks died in 2023 because Dpa 'Idan Iha mo was unhappy, so this year, we needed to offer her more incense to make her happy.</p> <p>On Saturday, March 3, 2024, Grandmother, Mother, my younger sister (Klu mo mtsho, b. 2006), and I performed the ritual. Mother prepared two scoops of water - one with milk and one without. Water-only was poured over the yaks before tying the<em>srung rtags</em> to the yak’s manes. After tying the <em>srung rtags</em> to the yaks' manes, butter was smeared on the horns, forehead, and muzzle. Finally, water-with-milk was poured over the yaks. If the yaks shook, it indicated that the guardian deities were pleased.</p> <p>On Monday, March 5, 2024, Mother said there were numerous parasites on the yaks' hair, especially on the calves. She had treated the parasites several times in the past month, but they persisted. She then purchased a parasite poison from Mgo mang (Guomaying) Town. It was hard to apply to the yak’s skin because of its strong smell, making the yak flee. Consequently, she mixed ash with the poison, reducing the odor. When Mother was younger, her grandmother used ash or rapeseed oil to treat yak parasites, which proved effective. Mother also used rapeseed oil to treat yak parasites, but it was only temporarily effective. I didn't help her much because I was recording, but I gave them oil while they were treating the yaks for parasites.</p> <p> </p> <p>TIBETAN TERMS</p> <p>a myes dam chen mgar ba nag po ཨ་མྱེས་དམ་ཅན་མགར་བ་ནག་པོ།</p> <p>a myes glang chen ཨ་མྱེས་གླང་ཆེན།</p> <p>a myes rma chen ཨ་མྱེས་རྨ་ཆེན།</p> <p>bla ma བླ་མ།</p> <p>dkar mo rgyal དཀར་མོ་རྒྱལ།</p> <p>dpa’ ldan Iha mo དཔའ་ལྡན་ལྷ་མོ།</p> <p>gser mo mtho གསེར་མོ་མཚོ།</p> <p>mang zdong མང་རྫོང་།</p> <p>mgo mang མགོ་མང་།</p> <p>mstho lho མཚོ་ལྷོ།</p> <p>mstho snon མཚོ་སྔོན།</p> <p>rgaya kho རྒྱ་ཁོ།</p> <p>sha rgya ཤ་རྒྱ།</p> <p>Sman chu’i a ma lab sgron ma སྨན་ཆུའི་ཨ་མ་ལབ་སྒྲོན་མ།</p> <p>srung rtags སྲུང་རྟགས།</p> <p>yul lha ཡུལ་ལྷ།</p> <p> </p> <p>CHINESE TERMS</p> <p>Guinan 贵南</p> <p>Guoma Ying 过马营</p> <p>Hainan 海南</p> <p>Qinghai 青海</p>
YAKS' LIVES ON THE MOUNTAINS
<p><span>YAKS' LIVES ON THE MOUNTAINS</span></p> <p><span>Filmed by Bkra shis rab rgyas, 7 July 2024, in Thang skyid Village, 'Ba' dgon Township, Chu dmar leb County, Yul shul Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Mtsho sngon (Qinghai) Province, China. This film shows female and male yaks and their life in the mountains through the four seasons and the landscape.</span></p>
FIGURE 1 in Phylogenetic position of the takin (Budorcas taxicolor) and the yak (Bos grunniens) within the family Bovidae
FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic relationships by Bayes inference (A) and the maximum likelihood methods (B). A. Topology derived from Bayesian analysis of 12 concatenated mitochondrial PCGs (nucleic acid data) from 11 mitochondrial genomes, which was built using the GTR+I+Γmodel of evolutionary change. Nodal support indicated by Bayesian posterior probabilities (PPB). B. Topology derived from ML analysis of 12 concatenated mitochondrial PCGs (nucleic acid data) from 11 mitochondrial genomes, which was built using the GTR+I+Γmodel of evolutionary change. Nodal support indicated by Bootstrap value (BP). (−lnL=46600.3281; Rates=gamma; Shape=2.5676; Pinvar=0.5688).
Data from: Simultaneous removal of fluoride and arsenic in geothermal water in Tibet using modified yak dung biochar as an adsorbent
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Data from: Genome-wide variation within and between wild and domestic yak
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parental yak files
Description of your dataset.
On following pages: 6. Yak (Bos mutus). in Bovidae
On following pages: 6. Yak (Bos mutus).
Yak k-mer dumps for partition human chrX/Y in de novo assemblies
<p>See <a href="https://github.com/lh3/yak">yak</a> for details.</p>
10x genomics single cell sequencing of yak testis
GEO Series GSE225618. Bos grunniens x Bos taurus; Bos grunniens. 2 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Dynamic changes in cellular atlases and communication patterns within yak ovaries across diverse reproductive states unveiled by single-cell analysis [scRNAseq_Yak_Ovary_Anestrus_2]
GEO Series GSE213989. Bos grunniens. 1 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Molecular mechanisms in lung tissue of yak provide insights into high-altitude adaptation by transcriptome-wide analysis
GEO Series GSE153963. Bos grunniens; Bos taurus. 22 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing; Non-coding RNA profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Whole-Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis Identifies of key circRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs in the development process of yak testis
GEO Series GSE268999. Bos grunniens. 18 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing; Non-coding RNA profiling by high throughput sequencing.
10x genomics single cell sequencing of yak hair follicle
GEO Series GSE205456. Bos grunniens. 3 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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