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Figure 4 in Review of Pharaxonotha Reitter (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting cones of the cycad Zamia L. (Cycadales) in Panama, with descriptions of five new species

Figure 4. Pharaxonotha clarkorum found on Zamia hamannii in Bocas del Toro, Panama (A–H: male). A–C) Dorsal, lateral and ventral habitus. D–E) Head, dorsal and ventral views. F) Genital capsule, ventral view. G) Tegmen attached to median lobe, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. H) Parameres of tegmen, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. I) Extended ovipositor with spermatheca, ventral view. J) Spermatheca.

Figure 3 in Review of Pharaxonotha Reitter (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting cones of the cycad Zamia L. (Cycadales) in Panama, with descriptions of five new species

Figure 3. Pharaxonotha clarkorum paratypes from Costa Rica, Heredia Province, Puerto Viejo de Sarapiquí, Finca La Selva (A–I: male). A–C) Dorsal, lateral and ventral habitus. D–E) Head, dorsal and ventral views. F) Male genital capsule, ventral view. G) Tegmen attached to median lobe, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. H) Parameres of tegmen, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. I) Retracted ovipositor with spermatheca, ventral view. J) Spermatheca.

Figure 9. Pharaxonotha panamensis from Z in Review of Pharaxonotha Reitter (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting cones of the cycad Zamia L. (Cycadales) in Panama, with descriptions of five new species

Figure 9. Pharaxonotha panamensis from Z. stevensonii (A-E: female allotype). A–C) Dorsal, lateral and ventral habitus. D–E) Head, dorsal and ventral views. F) Male genital capsule and tegmen attached to median lobe, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. G) Tegmen, ventral view. H) Parameres of tegmen, lateral view. I) Retracted ovipositor and spermatheca, ventral view. J) Spermatheca (partially inflated).

Figure 7 in Review of Pharaxonotha Reitter (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting cones of the cycad Zamia L. (Cycadales) in Panama, with descriptions of five new species

Figure 7. Pharaxonotha pseudoparasitica (A–E: female allotype). A-C) Dorsal, lateral and ventral habitus. D–E) Head, dorsal and ventral views. F) Tegmen attached to median lobe, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. G) Parameres of tegmen, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. H) Male genital capsule, ventral view. I) Extended ovipositor. J) Spermatheca.

Figure 12 in Review of Pharaxonotha Reitter (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting cones of the cycad Zamia L. (Cycadales) in Panama, with descriptions of five new species

Figure 12. Pharaxonotha kirschii from Costa Rica, Guanacaste Province (A–J: male). A–C) Dorsal, lateral and ventral habitus. D–F) Head, dorsal, lateral and ventral views. G) Terminal segment of male abdomen. H) Genital capsule. I) Tegmen attached to median lobe, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. J) Parameres of tegmen, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. K) Retracted ovipositor with spermatheca, ventral view. L) Spermatheca.

Figure 8. Pharaxonotha confusa from Z in Review of Pharaxonotha Reitter (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting cones of the cycad Zamia L. (Cycadales) in Panama, with descriptions of five new species

Figure 8. Pharaxonotha confusa from Z. fairchildiana from Burica Peninsula (A–H, J). A–C) Female dorsal, lateral and ventral habitus. D–E) Female head, dorsal and ventral views. F) Tegmen attached to median lobe, ventral view. G) Parameres of tegmen, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. H) Male genital capsule, ventral view. I) Retracted ovipositor from Z. pseudomonticola from Porton, ventral view. J) Spermatheca.

Figure 2 in Review of Pharaxonotha Reitter (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting cones of the cycad Zamia L. (Cycadales) in Panama, with descriptions of five new species

Figure 2. Relief map of Panama with localities where Pharaxonotha species have been found. Clarkorum group (black numbers): 1) P. clarkorum; 2) P. fortunensis; 3) P. holzmani; 4) P. pseudoparasitica. Confusa group (red numbers): 5) P. confusa; 6) P. panamensis. Manicatae group (dark blue number): 7) P. manicatae. Taylori group (light blue numbers): 8) P. taylori. Kirschii group (white numbers): 9) P. kirschii.

Figure 11. Pharaxonotha taylori. A–C in Review of Pharaxonotha Reitter (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting cones of the cycad Zamia L. (Cycadales) in Panama, with descriptions of five new species

Figure 11. Pharaxonotha taylori. A–C) Dorsal, lateral and ventral habitus. D–E) Head, dorsal and ventral views. F) Genital capsule and tegmen attached to median lobe, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. G) Tegmen attached to median lobe, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. H) Male genital capsule. I) Retracted ovipositor, ventral view. J) Spermatheca. Images F–J reproduced from Skelley and Tang (2020).

Figure 6 in Review of Pharaxonotha Reitter (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting cones of the cycad Zamia L. (Cycadales) in Panama, with descriptions of five new species

Figure 6. Pharaxonotha holzmani from Zamia imperialis (A-H: male holotype). A–C) Dorsal, lateral and ventral habitus. D–E) Head, dorsal and ventral views. F) Genital capsule attached to tegmen and median lobe, ventral view. G) Tegmen attached to median lobe, lateral view. H) Parameres of tegmen, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. I) Retracted ovipositor with spermatheca, ventral view. J) Spermatheca.

Figure 5 in Review of Pharaxonotha Reitter (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting cones of the cycad Zamia L. (Cycadales) in Panama, with descriptions of five new species

Figure 5. Pharaxonotha fortunensis (A–E: male holotype). A–C) Dorsal, lateral and ventral habitus. D–E) Head, dorsal and ventral views. F) Male genital capsule, ventral view. G) Tegmen attached to median lobe, (top to bottom) ventral and lateral views. H) Retracted female genitalia, ventral view. I) Spermatheca.

Figure 1 in Review of Pharaxonotha Reitter (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting cones of the cycad Zamia L. (Cycadales) in Panama, with descriptions of five new species

Figure 1. Spermatheca of Pharaxonotha fawcettae Skelley, Tang and Pérez-Farrera from Jalpan de Serra, Querétaro, Mexico indicating the diagnostic structures and regions used in the key.

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Fig. 2 in A first record of Anatrachyntis badia (Hodges 1962) (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) on Zamia integrifolia (Zamiaceae)

Fig. 2. Moths that emerged from Zamia integrifolia are Anatrachintis badia. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of genus Anatrachyntis including 109 Anatrachyntis CO1 sequences from Barcode of Life Database. Representative photographs and localities are included.

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Fig. 1 in A first record of Anatrachyntis badia (Hodges 1962) (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) on Zamia integrifolia (Zamiaceae)

Fig. 1. Pollen found on Anatrachyntis badia wing hairs suggest that A. badia could be involved in pollination of Zamia integrifolia. Anatrachyntis badia: dorsal view (1), ventral view (2), lateral habitus view (3). Microscope magnification of wing edges: 4× (A), 40× (B), 40× (C).

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Fig. 2. A in Behavior and feeding of two beetle pollinators of Zamia integrifolia (Cycadales): Rhopalotria slossoni (Coleoptera: Belidae) and Pharaxanotha floridana (Coleoptera: Erotylidae)

Fig. 2. A) Pharaxanotha floridana spend more time on the ovulate cone scale than control (p = 0.035) and equal amounts of time on pollen and ovulate cone scales in 30 mins no-choice behavior trials. B) No visible evidence of feeding damage on ovulate cone scale parenchyma tissue, nor on ovules afer 24 h. C) No visible feeding damage on pollen cone scale parenchyma tissue afer 24 h. D) Pharaxanotha floridana E) More mass (mg) is consumed per surviving beetle from ovulate cone scales than from pollen cone scales over 24 h (p = 0.0033). In A and E, summary boxplots are shown with raw data values overlaid.

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Fig. 1. A in Behavior and feeding of two beetle pollinators of Zamia integrifolia (Cycadales): Rhopalotria slossoni (Coleoptera: Belidae) and Pharaxanotha floridana (Coleoptera: Erotylidae)

Fig. 1. A) Rhopalotria slossoni spend more time on pollen cone scales than ovulate cone scales (p = 0.041) in 30 mins no-choice behavior trials but show no statistical difference between ovulate and control. B) Ovulate cone scales show extensive feeding damage on their parenchyma tissue afer 24 h. C) Pollen cone scales show feeding damage on the parenchyma tissue afer 24 h. D) Rhopalotria slossoni E) The mass (mg) of tissue consumed per surviving weevil is equal between pollen and ovulate cone scales. In A and E, summary boxplots are shown with raw data values overlaid.

FIGURE 8 in Zamia orinoquiensis (Zamiaceae, Cycadales), a new species from the western Orinoquía region of Colombia

FIGURE 8. Zamia muricata in habitat in Venezuela. A. Adult plant in Puerto Cumarebo, Falcón. B. Mature plant in Puerto Cumarebo, Falcón. C. Pollen strobili in Puerto Cumarebo, Falcón. D. Ovulate strobilus with characteristic long peduncle, San Felipe, Yaracuy [Niño et al. 6597 (PORT)]. E. New leaf in Chichirivichi, Falcón.

FIGURE 6 in Zamia orinoquiensis (Zamiaceae, Cycadales), a new species from the western Orinoquía region of Colombia

FIGURE 6. Stage population structure of two Zamia orinoquiensis populations in Medina, Cundinamarca. Population A is the type locality, identified by the specimen Castro et al. 1554 (HUA). Population B is represented by the collection Castro et al. 1555 (HUA).

FIGURE 7. Zamia muricata. A. Immature ovulate strobilus showing characteristically long peduncle, B in Zamia orinoquiensis (Zamiaceae, Cycadales), a new species from the western Orinoquía region of Colombia

FIGURE 7. Zamia muricata. A. Immature ovulate strobilus showing characteristically long peduncle, B. Megasporophyll, abaxial side with mature seed, C. Mature seed with sarcotesta, D. Mature seed sclerotesta, E. Mature ovulate strobilus with ripe seeds, F. Immature pollen strobilus, G. Microsporophyll abaxial side, H. Microsporophyll adaxial side, I. Median leaflet, J. Adult plant with ovulate strobilus, K. Seedling with eophyll.

FIGURE 5 in Zamia orinoquiensis (Zamiaceae, Cycadales), a new species from the western Orinoquía region of Colombia

FIGURE 5. Zamia orinoquiensis in habitat in Cundinamarca, Colombia. A. Aerial view of type locality showing tropical moist forest fragments surrounded by cattle pasture. B. Tropical moist forest understory habitat. C. Large adult male plant with C. Lopez-Gallego and M. Calonje. D. Adult male plant with J. Castro, M. Calonje, and C. Castro. E. Immature ovulate strobilus, F. Pollen strobili, G. Leaf on a juvenile. H. Seedlings with 2-leaflet eophylls. All photographs taken at type locality in Medina except D and F, which were taken in Paratebueno.

FIGURE 4 in Zamia orinoquiensis (Zamiaceae, Cycadales), a new species from the western Orinoquía region of Colombia

FIGURE 4. Reproductive characteristics of Zamia orinoquiensis. A. Pollen strobilus cross section, abaxial view, B. Pollen strobilus near pollen release phase, C. Microsporophyll abaxial view, D. Microsporophyll adaxial view, E. Megasporophyll abaxial view, F. Megasporophyll adaxial view, G. Seed with ripe sarcotesta, H. Seed sclerotesta with half of sarcotesta removed to show thickness. I. Ovulate strobilus at maturity, J. Ovulate strobilus, immature. All images from type locality.