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FIGURE 3. Zingiber officinale Roscoe, a in A preliminary study of the morphological variation of rhizomes in Zingiber Mill. and its role in taxonomy

FIGURE 3. Zingiber officinale Roscoe, a heteromodular species of Z. sect. Zingiber. A–C. A common cultivar in Guangzhou used as flavoring agents, called 'xiao huang jiang (小Ħƃ)': A. Plant, showing that the flowering shoots are much shorter than the vegetative shoots, and flowering rhizome unit (red arrow) is slightly smaller than the vegetative rhizome units (green arrows); white arrows indicates buds of unknown fate (also see transitional leaves at apex of buds a and b); also showing rhizome units and leaf distichy of aerial shoots all aligned in a vertical coplane. B. The orientation of rhizome units alters when the rhizome was laid horizontally when planted, rather than vertically as it occurs in nature (insertion: renewal bud (rb) bursting through its subtending scale, which is split into two lateral lobes (s)). C. A rhizome composed of rhizome units of different "generations" and buds of different ages and sizes (c represents a mature rhizome unit which has truncated apex while d represents a bud with obtuse apical meristem). D. A cultivar called 'bai rou jiang (白Ṁƃ)', which is commonly seen in Guangzhou markets and used as a flavoring agent. E. A cultivar called 'feng jiang (Ṃƃ)' that is used mainly for medical purposes in Yangshan, China. Mature rhizome units are indicated by yellow arrows and buds by white arrows. Note that the rhizome is in a vertical plane except that rhizome unit f is slightly displaced behind rhizome unit e because the rhizome is so compact. F. Elongated rhizome units of 'zai jiang (仔ƃ)'. Scale bars = 5 cm. Photos: Lin Bai.

Fig. 7 in The integration of MS-based metabolomics and multivariate data analysis allows for improved quality assessment of Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Fig. 7. Multivariate data analysis (MVDA) of fresh and dried Peruvian ginger samples. A. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed clear separation of fresh and dried ginger samples. B. Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) showed clear separation of fresh and dried ginger samples. C. Splot of OPLS-DA. D. VIP scores based on the metabolite data from fresh and dry ginger extracts.

Fig. 9 in The integration of MS-based metabolomics and multivariate data analysis allows for improved quality assessment of Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Fig. 9. [6]-Gingerol (A) and [6]-shogaol (B) contents in μg/g fresh weight (μg/ g FW) among the tested fresh ginger samples using different extraction solvents. Error bars indicate mean ± SE for five replicates. Black asterisks indicate significance difference from the Peruvian samples (*P <0.05, Student's t-test).

Fig. 5 in The integration of MS-based metabolomics and multivariate data analysis allows for improved quality assessment of Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Fig. 5. The influence of geographical distribution of ginger on the gingerols and gingerol-related metabolites. The figure also describes the biosynthetic pathway of [6]-gingerol and hexahydrocurcumin and subsequent transformations. The opposed abundances of the precursors (i.e., phenylalanine and cinnamic acid) and end products (i.e., [6]-gingerol, hexahydrocurcumin, and gingerenone A and B) hypothesize that they have the same biosynthetic pathway.

Fig. 3 in The integration of MS-based metabolomics and multivariate data analysis allows for improved quality assessment of Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Fig. 3. The use of retention time, accurate mass, and co-elution pattern for compound validation. A. Total ion chromatogram (TIC) and extracted ion chromatograms (EIC) of [6]-gingerol measured by UPLC/MS in positive and negative ionization modes. B. Different gingerols within the same class show a retention time pattern according to their chain length. Intra-class variability is shown by XIC in positive ionization mode for the 6, 8 and 10-gingerol. C. Scatter plot representation of different gingerols annotated from the tested samples. The m/z of the loss of water from the protonated adducts is given on the x-axis and the observed RT (min) is given in the y-axis. The plot illustrates how the correlation between elution (RT) and chain length in the annotated gingerols can be used for the prediction of other compounds within the same class.

Fig. 4 in The integration of MS-based metabolomics and multivariate data analysis allows for improved quality assessment of Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Fig. 4. Multivariate data analysis (MVDA) of fresh Ginger samples collected from different localities. A. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed clear separation of geographically different fresh ginger samples. B. VIP scores showing the top 25 metabolites discriminating ginger samples C. Dendrogram of the investigated fresh ginger samples based on the metabolites obtained after MS data analysis.

Fig. 2 in The integration of MS-based metabolomics and multivariate data analysis allows for improved quality assessment of Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram showing the steps for confident compound identification. The feature with the retention time of 12.94 min and 295.191 m/z, representing 6-gingerol was selected. Total ion chromatogram (TIC) and extracted ion chromatograms (EIC) were measured by UPLC/MS in the positive ionization mode.

Fig. 1 in The integration of MS-based metabolomics and multivariate data analysis allows for improved quality assessment of Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Fig. 1. Experimental design for metabolic profiling of fresh ginger rhizomes collected from different geographical sources and the effect of drying.

Fig. 6 in Diverse undescribed compounds from the rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rosc. And their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 6. Effects of compounds 1–7 on cell viability. The concentrations of these compounds ranged from 10 to 100 μM. Experiments were performed in triplicate, and the data are presented as the mean ± SD. Statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA and Dunnett's test. #p <0.001 vs. the control group; *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001 vs. the LPS-stimulated group.

restrictedIPD-UNDECIDEDFeb 2026View details →

ClinicalTrials.gov32/100

The Cardiovascular Effects of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) in Patients With Type II Diabetes Mellitus

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04222738. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.

ClinicalTrials.gov32/100

Effectiveness and Safety of Zingiber Officinale Transdermal Patch for Acne Vulgaris; Study of Interleukin 1 and Skin Microbiome

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06787222. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 8.

closedIPD-NOFeb 2026View details →

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2024View details →

Figure 1 from: Alamsyah RM, Satari MH, Pintauli S, Iskandar S (2024) Molecular docking study of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on Immunoglobulin A for smoking cessation. Pharmacia 71: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.71.e116751

Figure 1 Visualization of docking results, a Ligand bond position; b IgA; c Bupropion; d 8Shogaol; e 8-Gingerol; f 6-Shogaol; g 6-Gingerol; h 5-Shogaol, and i 4-Shogaol.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

Figure 5 from: Gavrilova A, Gavrilov G, Trifonova D (2022) Contribution to the microscopic identification of Zingiber officinale. Pharmacia 69(1): 93-97. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.69.e78304

Figure 5 Fragments of sclerenchymatous fibres: a fragment of bundle sheath; b fragment of sclerenchymatous fibres; c, d sclerenchimatous fibres with dentate walls.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

Figure 3 from: Gavrilova A, Gavrilov G, Trifonova D (2022) Contribution to the microscopic identification of Zingiber officinale. Pharmacia 69(1): 93-97. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.69.e78304

Figure 3 Fragments of xylem elements and related structures: a, b, c scalariform xylem elements; d narrow cells with brown pigment accompanying the xylem elements; e scalariform perforation plate of xylem vessel; f fragment with helical xylem elements.

Fig. 8 in The integration of MS-based metabolomics and multivariate data analysis allows for improved quality assessment of Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Fig. 8. The influence of drying of ginger on the gingerols and gingerol-related metabolites.

Fig. 6 in The integration of MS-based metabolomics and multivariate data analysis allows for improved quality assessment of Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Fig. 6. The influence of geographical distribution of ginger on metabolites content.

Fig. 5. X in Diverse undescribed compounds from the rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rosc. And their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 5. X-ray crystallographic analysis of 3.

Fig. 3 in Diverse undescribed compounds from the rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rosc. And their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 3. Experimental and calculated ECD curves of compound 1.

Fig. 1 in Diverse undescribed compounds from the rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rosc. And their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 1. Structures of compounds 1–7.

Fig. 2. Key 1H–1H in Diverse undescribed compounds from the rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rosc. And their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 2. Key 1H–1H COSY, HMBC and NOESY correlations of compounds 1–7.