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FIGURE 9 in On six new species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa Zygophylacidae) from the New Calendonian region

FIGURE 9. Zygophylax pseudoabietinella sp. nov.: A, stem fragment showing hydrocladial apophysis, axillary hydrotheca and nematothecae; B, hydrocladial fragment showing shape and arrangement of hydrothecae; C–E, hydrothecae (in E arrow pointing to operculum); F, hydrothecal diaphragm; G, nematotheca (arrow); H, gonotheca. (All photographs from the holotype). Scale bar: 200 µm (A–B), 100 µm (C–E, G–H), 50 µm (F).

FIGURE 2 in On six new species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa Zygophylacidae) from the New Calendonian region

FIGURE 2. Zygophylax dispersa sp. nov.: A, stem fragment showing hydrocladial origin and axillary hydrothecae; B, hydrocladial fragment showing hydrothecal arrangement; C, hydrocladial apophysis and axillary hydrotheca; D–E, hydrocladial hydrothecae; F, nematotheca; G, cross-section view of coppinia; H, gonothecae. (All material from the holotype). Scale bar: 200 µm (A–B, G), 100 µm (C–E, H), 50 µm (F).

FIGURE 5 in On six new species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa Zygophylacidae) from the New Calendonian region

FIGURE 5. Zygophylax laertesi sp. nov.: A, stem fragment showing hydrothecae and nematothecae; B, stem fragment showing hydrocladial apophysis, axillary hydrotheca and nematothecae; C, hydrocladial fragment showing shape and arrangement of hydrothecae; D–F, hydrothecae (in D arrows pointing to operculum and internal cusp); G, hydrothecal diaphragm and keel (arrow); H, nematothecae from accessory tubes. (All photographs from the holotype). Scale bar: 200 µm (A–C), 100 µm (D–F, H), 50 µm (G).

FIGURE 8 in On six new species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa Zygophylacidae) from the New Calendonian region

FIGURE 8. Zygophylax niobae sp. nov.: A–C, stem fragments showing hydrocladial apophyses and axillary hydrothecae; D–E, hydrocladial fragment showing shape and arrangement of hydrothecae; F–H, hydrothecae. (All photographs from the holotype). Scale bar: 200 µm (A–E), 100 µm (F–H).

FIGURE 7 in On six new species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa Zygophylacidae) from the New Calendonian region

FIGURE 7. Zygophylax medeae sp. nov.: A, hydrocladial apophysis and axillary hydrotheca. Zygophylax niobae sp. nov.: B, stem fragment showing hydrocladial apophyses and axillary hydrotheca; C, hydrocladial hydrothecae. Zygophylax pseudoabietinella sp. nov.: D, distal stem fragment showing hydrocladial apophyses, axillary hydrotheca, and nematotheca; E, hydrocladial fragment showing shape and arrangement of hydrothecae. (All drawings from holotypes). Scale bar: 250 µm.

FIGURE 6 in On six new species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa Zygophylacidae) from the New Calendonian region

FIGURE 6. Zygophylax medeae sp. nov.: A, hydrocladial apophysis; B, hydrocladial hydrotheca; C–D, axillary hydrothecae; E, nematothecae; F, gonothecae. (All photographs from the holotype). Scale bar: 200 µm.

FIGURE 1 in On six new species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa Zygophylacidae) from the New Calendonian region

FIGURE 1. Zygophylax dispersa sp. nov.: A, Colony shape, branching and coppiniae (arrows); B, detail of coppinia. Zygophylax encarnae sp. nov.: C, colony shape and branching. Zygophylax laertesi sp. nov.: D, colony shape, branching and coppinia (arrow). Zygophylax medeae sp. nov.: E, colony shape, branching and coppinia (arrow). Zygophylax niobae sp. nov.: F, colony shape and branching. Zygophylax pseudoabietinella sp. nov.: G, colony shape, branching and coppinia (circle); H, detail of coppinia. (All material from holotypes). Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIGURE 4 in On six new species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa Zygophylacidae) from the New Calendonian region

FIGURE 4. Zygophylax encarnae sp. nov.: A, stem fragment showing hydrocladial origin and axillary hydrotheca; B, hydrocladial apophysis, origin of axillary hydrotheca and nematotheca; C–D, hydrocladial fragments showing shape and arrangement of hydrothecae; E, hydrocladial hydrotheca; F, detail of hydrothecal pedicel and diaphragm; G, nematotheca; H, gonotheca. (All photographs from the holotype). Scale bar: 200 µm (A, C–D, H), 100 µm (B, E, G), 50 µm (F).

FIGURE 3 in On six new species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa Zygophylacidae) from the New Calendonian region

FIGURE 3. Zygophylax dispersa sp. nov.: A, hydrocladial apophysis and axillary hydrotheca; B, hydrocladial hydrotheca. Zygophylax encarnae sp. nov.: C, hydrocladial apophysis, axillary hydrotheca and nematotheca; D, hydrocladial fragment showing shape and arrangement of hydrothecae; E, gonotheca. Zygophylax laertesi sp. nov.: F, stem fragment showing hydrocladial origin, axillary hydrothecae and nematothecae; G, hydrocladial fragment showing shape and arrangement of hydrothecae; H, gonotheca. (All drawings from holotypes). Scale bar: 250 µm.

Figure 12 in Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of 15 deep-sea species

Figure 12. Type material of Zygophylax lighti sp. nov. A, a colony; B, hydrothecal arrangement; C, two axillary hydrothecae and four gonothecae; D, magnification of an axillary hydrotheca; E, magnification of nematothecae (arrow); F, I, hydrotheca, the arrow in I indicates a nematotheca; G, J, magnification of the indentation (arrows); H, magnification of an oblique hydrothecal diaphragm (arrow); K–M, gonothecae; N, gonotheca with dichotomous defensive tubes; O, magnification of a node (arrow) on the defensive tubes. A–O: XMUB7904, holotype, South China Sea. A–H, K, L, light microscope images; I, J, M–O, SEM images. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B, C = 1 mm, D, F, I, M, N = 200 µm; E, G, H = 100 µm; J, O = 50 µm; K, L = 500 µm.

Figure 19 in Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of 15 deep-sea species

Figure 19. Type material of Zygophylax tankahkeei sp. nov. A, two colonies, holotype (left), paratype (right); B, portion of the polysiphonic hydrocaulus and a monosiphonic hydrocladium, and an axillary hydrotheca (arrow); C, arrangement of the hydrothecae in two different planes; D, a hydrotheca; E, magnification of a node (upper arrow) and apophysis (lower arrow); F–J, hydrothecal diaphragms (lower arrow in F, arrows in G, H), perisarc projection (upper arrow in F, and arrow in I) and distal renovations (J); K, L, the same nematotheca at different magnifications (arrows); M, coppinia; N, gonothecae (arrow) with repeatedly, dichotomously branched defensive tubes; O, P, isolated gonothecae, the arrows in P indicate three apertures. From samples: A, the left colony, XMUB6200-1, holotype; the right colony, XMUB6200-2, paratype; B–P: XMUB6200-1, holotype. A–P, South China Sea. A–C, F–I, K–M, O, light microscope images; D, E, J, N, P, SEM images. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B, F, K, N = 500 µm; C, M, O = 1 mm; D, I, P = 200 µm; E, G, H, J, L = 100 µm.

Figure 16 in Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of 15 deep-sea species

Figure 16. Zygophylax cf. pseudafricanus Vervoort & Watson, 2003. A, two colonies; B, portion of polysiphonic hydrocaulus with several monosiphonic hydrocladia; C, hydrothecal arrangement; D, hydrothecal diaphragm (arrow); E, an axillary hydrotheca (arrow); F, magnification of the hydrothecal margin, showing renovations. From samples: A–F: ZSM 20220299, Lisbon, Portugal. A–D, light microscope images; E, F, SEM images. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B = 2 mm; C = 500 µm; D, E = 200 µm; F = 20 µm.

Figure 11 in Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of 15 deep-sea species

Figure 11. Zygophylax levinseni (Saemundsson, 1911). A, three colonies; B, hydrothecal arrangement along a hydrocladium; C, a coppinia; D, two hydrothecal diaphragms (arrows); E, axillary hydrotheca and a node (arrow); F, two hydrothecae and two clearly identifiable nematothecae (arrows); G, a gonotheca and one nematotheca on an accessory tube (arrow); H, magnification of nematothecae on apophysis of hydrocladia (in F, lower arrow); I, magnification of nematothecae on the accessory tubes (in G). From samples: A–I: ZSM 20220297, Gulf of Cadiz. A–D, light microscope images; E–I, SEM images. Scale bars: A = 1 cm; B, C = 1 mm; D–G = 200 µm; H, I = 50 µm.

Figure 9 in Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of 15 deep-sea species

Figure 9. Type material of Zygophylax curvitheca Stechow, 1913. A, a colony; B, portion of a polysiphonic hydrocaulus with several basally polysiphonic hydrocladia, the arrows indicate two axillary hydrothecae; C, an incipient coppinia (with only defensive tubes but no gonothecae) on hydrocladium; D, a hydrotheca showing marginal renovations (upper arrow), diaphragm (middle arrow) and basal nematotheca (lower arrow); E, two hydrothecae and nematothecae (arrows) on a hydrocladium; F, magnification of the nematothecae in E. From samples: A–C: ZSM 20040199, lectotype; D: ZSM 20043572, paralectotype; E, F: ZSM 20043573, paralectotype. A–F, Sagami Bay, Japan. A–F, light microscope images. Scale bars: A = 1 cm; B, C = 2 mm; D, E = 500 µm; F = 250 µm.

Figure 4 in Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of 15 deep-sea species

Figure 4. Line drawings of Zygophylax abyssicola (Stechow, 1926). A, three successive nodes on a hydrocladium, each internode bearing a hydrotheca; B, an axillary hydrotheca; C, a hydrotheca, showing its diaphragm and renovations, and a nematotheca; D, an isolated gonotheca, whose apex bears two apertures; E, a gonotheca with dichotomously b r a nch e d d e f e n s i v e t u b e s. S c al e ba r s: A = 1 m m; B–D = 500 µm; E = 500 µm.

Figure 3 in Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of 15 deep-sea species

Figure 3. Type material of Zygophylax abyssicola (Stechow, 1926). A, B, colonies with dichotomous branching patterns, the arrow in A indicates the lectotype; C, a polysiphonic hydrocaulus; D, three successive nodes (arrows) on a hydrocladium, each internode bearing a hydrotheca; E, an axillary hydrotheca; F, a hydrotheca with diaphragm and renovations, and a nematotheca (arrow) near the hydrotheca; G, a coppinia; H, an isolated gonotheca, whose apex bears two apertures; I, a gonotheca with dichotomously branched defensive tubes. From samples: ZSM 20040197, paralectotype [A (left colony), G]; ZSM 20040197, lectotype [A (middle colony)]; ZSM 20040726, paralectotype [A (right colony), D]; ZSM 20043538, paralectotype (B, E); ZSM 20043539, paralectotype (C, F); ZSM 20043542, paralectotype (H, I). A–I, Indian Ocean. A–I, light microscope images. Scale bars: A = 1 cm; B = 0.5 cm; C, D, G, I = 1 mm; E = 0.5 mm; F, H = 200 µm.

Figure 21 in Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of 15 deep-sea species

Figure 21. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses with concatenated partial sequences of the 16S, 18S and 28S rRNA genes (5446 bp after multiple alignments) using the GTR+I+G model. Numbers near the nodes indicate bootstrap and Bayesian posterior probability values. Values lower than 50 or 0.5 were omitted and labelled with '<'. The scale bar represents 0.1 substitutions per site. Bayesian analyses using the GTR+I+G model. Sequences of species in bold were contributed by this study. '+' (or '-') indicates the families, or superfamily, use (or not) of opercular flaps or nematothecae as the protective strategies.

Figure 18 in Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of 15 deep-sea species

Figure 18. Zygophylax cf. sagamiensis Hirohito, 1983. A, a colony; B, F, G, images of the same coppinia; C, alternate hydrothecae with one nematotheca (arrow); D, hydrothecae and nematothecae (arrows); E, magnification of a nematotheca; H, two (fused) gonothecae. From samples: A–H: XMUB8109, South China Sea. A–C, light microscope images; D–H, SEM images. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B = 500 µm; C, D, F = 200 µm; E = 20 µm; G, H = 100 µm.

Figure 15 in Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of 15 deep-sea species

Figure 15. Type material and recent material of Zygophylax pacifica Stechow, 1920. A, G, colonies; B, H, polysiphonic portions of hydrocauli with alternate, monosiphonic hydrocladia; C, I, two axillary hydrothecae; D, E, J, three hydrothecae, showing diaphragms, renovations and basal nematothecae [D and J showing single nematothecae, E and F (magnification) showing a pair of nematothecae]. From samples: A–D: ZSM 20040198; E, F: ZSM 20041556; G–J: XMUB6610. A–D, lectotype; E, F, paralectotype; G–J, materials in this study. A–F, Sagami Bay; G–J, Shimoda, Japan. A–J, light microscope images. Scale bars: A, G = 1 cm; B, H = 2 mm; C, I = 500 µm; D, E, J = 200 µm; F = 50 µm.

Figure 8. Zygophylax brownei Billard, 1924. A in Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of 15 deep-sea species

Figure 8. Zygophylax brownei Billard, 1924. A, three colonies; B, portion of hydrocaulus with coppinia; C, axillary hydrotheca (arrow); D, magnification of the node (left arrow) and the apophysis of hydrocladia (right arrow); E, a gonotheca; F, a gonotheca with three apical apertures (arrows). From samples: A–F: ZSM 20220295, Gulf of Cadiz. A, B, light microscope images; C–F, SEM images. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B = 1 mm; C, E = 200 µm; D, F = 100 µm.