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32 results for “adaptive loci”
Data from: Genomic landscapes of divergence among island bird populations: evidence of parallel adaptation but at different loci?
<p>When populations colonise new environments they may be exposed to novel selection pressures but also suffer from extensive genetic drift due to founder effects, small population sizes, and limited interpopulation gene flow. Genomic approaches enable us to study how these factors drive divergence, and disentangle neutral effects from differentiation at specific loci due to selection. Here, we investigate patterns of genetic diversity and divergence using whole-genome resequencing (> 22X coverage) in Berthelot's pipit (<em>Anthus berthelotii</em>), a passerine endemic to the islands of three north Atlantic archipelagos. Strong environmental gradients, including in pathogen pressure, across populations in the species range, make it an excellent system in which to explore traits important in adaptation and/or incipient speciation. Firstly, we quantify how genomic divergence accumulates across the speciation continuum, i.e., among Berthelot's pipit populations, between subspecies across archipelagos, and between Berthelot's pipit and its mainland ancestor, the tawny pipit (<em>Anthus campestris</em>). Across these colonisation timeframes (2.1 million – <em>ca.</em> 8,000 years ago), we identify highly differentiated loci within genomic islands of divergence and conclude that the observed distributions align with expectations for non-neutral divergence. Characteristic signatures of selection are identified in loci associated with craniofacial/bone and eye development, metabolism, and immune response between population comparisons. Interestingly, we find limited evidence for repeated divergence of the same loci across the colonisation range but do identify different loci putatively associated with the same biological traits in different populations, likely due to parallel adaptation. Incipient speciation across these island populations, in which founder effects and selective pressures are strong, may therefore be repeatedly associated with morphology, metabolism, and immune defence.</p>
Local adaptation and archaic introgression shape global diversity at human structural variant loci
<p>Supporting data associated with the manuscript "Local adaptation and archaic introgression shape global diversity at human structural variant loci". These include:</p> <ul> <li>structural variant genotypes (Paragraph; <a href="https://github.com/Illumina/paragraph">https://github.com/Illumina/paragraph</a>)</li> <li>eQTL mapping results (fastqtl permutation pass; see <a href="http://fastqtl.sourceforge.net/">http://fastqtl.sourceforge.net/</a> for column descriptions)</li> <li>eQTL fine-mapping results (CAVIAR; see <a href="http://genetics.cs.ucla.edu/caviar/index.html">http://genetics.cs.ucla.edu/caviar/index.html</a>)</li> <li>structural variant selection scan results (Ohana; <a href="https://github.com/jade-cheng/ohana">https://github.com/jade-cheng/ohana</a>)</li> </ul> <p>Description of files in this directory:</p> <p><strong>Structural variant genotypes</strong></p> <p><code>SVs_paragraphFormat.vcf.gz</code> - merged long-read structural variant calls</p> <p><code>SVs_1KGP_pgGTs.vcf.gz</code> - genotypes for 1000 Genomes samples in VCF format</p> <p><strong>eQTL mapping results</strong></p> <p><code>fastqtl_out.txt</code> - results from fastQTL permutation pass; see <a href="http://fastqtl.sourceforge.net/">http://fastqtl.sourceforge.net/</a> for column descriptions</p> <p><code>caviar_out.txt</code> - results from fine-mapping SNPs and SVs at significant SV eQTL loci with CAVIAR. Description of columns:</p> <ul> <li>query_sv: SV that was a significant eQTL and underwent fine-mapping</li> <li>gene_id: gene exhibiting an expression association with the query_sv</li> <li>var_id: variant (SNV or SV) that was tested for expression association with the above gene in the fine-mapping analysis</li> <li>var_in_credible_causal_set: Boolean variable denoting whether the above variant is in the 95% credible causal set</li> <li>prob_in_pcausal_set: the amount that this variant contributes to 95% credible causal set</li> <li>causal_post_prob: the posterior probability that the variant is causal in the expression association</li> </ul> <p><strong>Structural variant selection scan results</strong></p> <p><code>chr21_pruned_50_Q.matrix</code> - admixture proportion matrix (generated by Ohana; <a href="https://github.com/jade-cheng/ohana">https://github.com/jade-cheng/ohana</a>)</p> <p><code>chr21_pruned_50_F.matrix</code> - matrix of inferred ancestral allele frequencies (generated by Ohana)</p> <p><code>chr21_pruned_50_C.matrix</code> - matrix of ancestry component covariances (generated by Ohana) Entries of the matrix can be modified to produce "selection hypothesis" matrices where allele frequencies are allowed to vary in one ancestry component (<a href="https://github.com/jade-cheng/ohana/wiki/Population-or-ancestry-specific-selection-scan">https://github.com/jade-cheng/ohana/wiki/Population-or-ancestry-specific-selection-scan</a>).</p> <p><code>selscan_50_k8_p*.txt.gz</code> - raw output of Ohana selscan (see <a href="https://github.com/jade-cheng/ohana">https://github.com/jade-cheng/ohana</a>)</p> <p><code>selscan_res.txt.gz</code> - Ohana selection scan results. These results have been filtered to exclude SVs that have low genotyping rates (<50% of samples), violate Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations (excess of heterozygotes) in more than half of populations, or have extreme global log likelihood estimate (LLE) values. Description of columns:</p> <ul> <li>ID: SV ID</li> <li>#CHROM: SV chromosome</li> <li>POS: SV start position</li> <li>SVLEN: SV length (negative for deletions)</li> <li>step: number of steps needed to interpolate between genome-wide and selection hypothesis models</li> <li>lle_ratio: likelihood ratio statistic (LRS) of the genome-wide vs. selection hypothesis model</li> <li>global-lle: log likelihood of the genome-wide model</li> <li>local-lle: log likelihood of the selection hypothesis model</li> <li>f-pop0: inferred allele frequency in ancestry component 0</li> <li>f-pop1: inferred allele frequency in ancestry component 1</li> <li>f-pop2: inferred allele frequency in ancestry component 2</li> <li>f-pop3: inferred allele frequency in ancestry component 3</li> <li>f-pop4: inferred allele frequency in ancestry component 4</li> <li>f-pop5: inferred allele frequency in ancestry component 5</li> <li>f-pop6: inferred allele frequency in ancestry component 6</li> <li>f-pop7: inferred allele frequency in ancestry component 7</li> <li>ancestry_component: ancestry component tested by the selection hypothesis model. Note that we have added 1 to the ancestry component numbers to match the terminology used in paper (which orders the components from 1-8 rather than 0-7 for interpretability)</li> <li>snp_perc: SV's percentile in the LRS distribution for frequency-matched SNPs</li> <li>p_nominal: nominal p-value calculated from the likelihood ratio</li> <li>p_adj: adjusted p-value calculated from the likelihood ratio</li> </ul> <p> </p>
Large effect loci mediate rapid adaptation of salmon body size after river regulation
<p>Understanding the potential of natural populations to adapt to altered environments is becoming increasingly relevant in evolutionary research. Currently, our understanding of adaptation to human alteration of the environment is hampered by lack of knowledge on the genetic basis of traits, lack of time series, and little or no information on changes in optimal trait values. Here we used time series data spanning nearly a century to investigate how body mass of Atlantic salmon (<em>Salmo salar</em>) adapts to river regulation. We found that the change in body mass followed the change in waterflow, both decreasing to ~1/3 of their original values. Allele frequency changes at two loci in the regions of <em>vgll3</em> and <em>six6 </em>predicted more than 80% of the observed body mass reduction. Modelling the adaptive dynamics revealed that the population mean lagged behind its optimum before catching up ~6 salmon generations after the initial waterflow reduction. Our results demonstrate rapid adaptation mediated by large effect loci and provide insight into the temporal dynamics of evolutionary rescue following human disturbance.</p>
Key triggers of adaptive genetic variability of sessile oak [Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl.] from the Balkan refugia: outlier detection and association of SNP loci from ddRAD-seq data
<p>Knowledge on the genetic composition of <em>Quercus petraea</em> in south-eastern Europe is limited despite the species' significant role in the re-colonisation of Europe during the Holocene, and the diverse climate and physical geography of the region. Therefore, it is imperative to conduct research on adaptation in sessile oak to better understand its ecological significance in the region. While large sets of SNPs have been developed for the species, there is a continued need for smaller sets of SNPs that are highly informative about the possible adaptation to this varied landscape. By using double digest restriction site associated DNA sequencing data from our previous study, we mapped RAD-tag sequences to the <em>Quercus robur</em> reference genome and identified a set of SNPs putatively related to drought stress-response. A total of 179 individuals from eighteen natural populations at sites covering heterogeneous climatic conditions in the southeastern natural distribution range of <em>Q. petraea</em> were genotyped. The detected highly polymorphic variant sites revealed three genetic clusters with a generally low level of genetic differentiation and balanced diversity among them but showed a north–southeast gradient. Selection tests showed nine outlier SNPs positioned in different functional regions. Genotype-environment association analysis of these markers yielded a total of 53 significant associations, explaining 2.4–16.6% of the total genetic variation. Our work exemplifies that adaptation to drought may be under natural selection in the examined <em>Q. petraea</em> populations.</p>
Data from: A few essential genetic loci distinguish Penstemon species with flowers adapted to pollination by bees or hummingbirds
<p>In the formation of species, adaptation by natural selection generates distinct combinations of traits that function well together. The maintenance of adaptive trait combinations in the face of gene flow depends on the strength and nature of selection acting on the underlying genetic loci. Floral pollination syndromes exemplify the evolution of trait combinations adaptive for particular pollinators. The North American wildflower genus <em>Penstemon</em> displays remarkable floral syndrome convergence, with at least 20 separate lineages that have evolved from ancestral bee pollination syndrome (wide blue-purple flowers that present a landing platform for bees and small amounts of nectar) to hummingbird pollination syndrome (bright red narrowly tubular flowers offering copious nectar). Related taxa that differ in floral syndrome offer an attractive opportunity to examine the genomic basis of complex trait divergence. In this study, we characterized genomic divergence among 229 individuals from a <em>Penstemon </em>species complex that includes both bee and hummingbird floral syndromes. Field plants are easily classified into species based on phenotypic differences and hybrids displaying intermediate floral syndromes are rare. Despite unambiguous phenotypic differences, genomewide differentiation between species is minimal. Hummingbird-adapted populations are more genetically similar to nearby bee-adapted populations than to geographically distant hummingbird-adapted populations, in terms of genomewide <em>d<sub>XY</sub>.</em> However, a small number of genetic loci are strongly differentiated between species. These ~ 20 "species-diagnostic loci", which appear to have nearly fixed differences between pollination syndromes, are sprinkled throughout the genome in high recombination regions. Several map closely to previously established floral trait QTLs. The striking difference between the diagnostic loci and the genome as whole suggests strong selection to maintain distinct combinations of traits, but with sufficient gene flow to homogenize the genomic background. A surprisingly small number of alleles confer phenotypic differences that form the basis of species identity in this species complex.</p>
Data from: Genomic landscapes of divergence among island bird populations: evidence of parallel adaptation but at different loci?
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Data from: A few essential genetic loci distinguish Penstemon species with flowers adapted to pollination by bees or hummingbirds
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The genomes of Hercules beetles reveal putative adaptive loci and distinct demographic histories in pristine North American forests
<p><span>Beetles, despite their remarkable biodiversity and a long history of research, remain lacking in reference genomes annotated with structural variations of loci of adaptive significance. We sequenced and assembled high-quality chromosome-level genomes of four Hercules beetles which exhibit divergence in male horn size and shape, and body coloration. The four Hercules beetle genomes were assembled to 11 pseudo-chromosomes, where the three genomes assembled using Nanopore data (<em>Dynastes grantii,</em> <em>D. hyllus</em>, and <em>D. tityus</em>) were mapped to the genome assembled using PacBio + Hi-C data (<em>D. maya</em>). </span><span>We demonstrated a striking similarity in genome structure among the four species. This conservative genome structure may be attributed to our use of the <em>D. maya</em> assembly as the reference; however, it is worth noting that such a conservative genome structure is a recurring phenomenon among scarab beetles</span><span>. We further identified homologs of nine and three candidate-gene families that may be associated with the evolution of horn structure and body coloration, respectively. Structural variations in <em>Scr</em> and <em>Ebony2</em> were detected and discussed for their putative impacts on generating morphological diversity in beetles. We also reconstructed the demographic histories of the four Hercules beetles using heterozygosity information from the diploid genomes. We found that the demographic histories of the beetles closely recapitulated historical changes in suitable forest habitats driven by climate shifts. </span></p>
The genomes of Hercules beetles reveal putative adaptive loci and distinct demographic histories in pristine North American forests
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The code used to simulate range expansion in "The effect of the recombination rate between adaptive loci on the capacity of a population to expand its range"
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Data from: Is local adaptation in Mimulus guttatus caused by trade-offs at individual loci?
Local adaptation is considered to be the result of fitness trade-offs for particular phenotypes across different habitats. However, it is unclear whether such phenotypic trade-offs exist at the level of individual genetic loci. Local adaptation could arise from trade-offs of alternative alleles at individual loci or by complementary sets of loci with different fitness effects of alleles in one habitat but selective neutrality in the alternative habitat. To evaluate the genome-wide basis of local adaptation, we performed a field-based quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping experiment on recombinant inbred lines (RILs) created from coastal perennial and inland annual races of the yellow monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus) grown reciprocally in native parental habitats. Overall, we detected 19 QTLs affecting one or more of 16 traits measured in two environments, most of small effect. We identified 15 additional QTL effects at two previously identified candidate QTLs (DIVERGENCE [DIV]). Significant QTL by environment interactions were detected at the DIV loci, which was largely attributable to genotypic differences at a single field site. We found no detectable evidence for trade-offs for any one component of fitness, although DIV2 showed a trade-off involving different fitness traits between sites, suggesting that local adaptation is largely controlled by non-overlapping loci. This is surprising for an outcrosser, implying that reduced gene flow prevents the evolution of individuals adapted to multiple environments. We also determined that native genotypes were not uniformly adaptive, possibly reflecting fixed mutational load in one of the populations.
Data from: Genomic clustering of adaptive loci during parallel evolution of an Australian wildflower
The buildup of the phenotypic differences that distinguish species has long intrigued biologists. These differences are often inherited as stable polymorphisms that allow the co-segregation of adaptive variation within species, and facilitate the differentiation of complex phenotypes between species. It has been suggested that the clustering of adaptive loci could facilitate this process but evidence is still scarce. Here we used QTL analysis to study the genetic basis of phenotypic differentiation between coastal populations of the Australian wildflower Senecio lautus. We found that a genomic region consistently governs variation in several of the traits that distinguish these contrasting forms. Additionally, some of the taxon specific traits controlled by this QTL cluster have evolved repeatedly during the adaptation to the same habitats, suggesting that it could mediate divergence between locally adapted forms. This cluster contains footprints of divergent natural selection across the range of S. lautus, which suggests that it could have been instrumental for the rapid diversification of this species.
Neutral and adaptive loci reveal fine-scale population structure in Eleginops maclovinus from North Patagonia
<p>Patagonia is an understudied area, especially when it comes to population genomic studies with relevance to fishery management. However, the dynamic and heterogeneous landscape in this area can harbor important but cryptic genetic population structure. Once such information is revealed, it can be integrated into the management of infrequently investigated species. <i>Eleginops maclovinus</i> is a protandrous hermaphrodite species with economic importance for local communities that is currently managed as a single genetic unit. In this study, we sampled five locations distributed across a salinity cline from Northern Patagonia to investigate the genetic population structure of <i>E</i>. <i>maclovinus</i>. We use Restriction-site Associated DNA (RAD) sequencing and outlier tests to obtain 11,712 neutral, 338 adaptive loci, and 78 loci associated to environmental variables. We identified a spatial pattern of structuration with gene flow and spatial selection by environmental association. Neutral and adaptive loci showed two and three genetic groups, respectively. The effective population sizes estimated ranged from 572 to 14,454 and were influenced more by locality than salinity cline. We found loci putatively associated with salinity suggesting that salinity may act as a selective driver in <i>E</i>. <i>maclovinus</i> populations. These results suggest a complex interaction between genetic drift, geneflow, and natural selection in this area. Our findings suggest that at least two to three genetic units exist in this area, and the information should be integrated into the management of this species. We discuss the significance of these results for fishery management and suggest future directions to improve our understanding of how <i>E</i>. <i>maclovinus</i> is adapted to the dynamic waters of Northern Patagonia.</p>
Data from: Identification of candidate loci for adaptive phenotypic plasticity in natural populations of spadefoot toads
<p>Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to alter their phenotype in direct response to changes in the environment. Despite growing recognition of plasticity's role in ecology and evolution, few studies have probed plasticity's molecular bases—especially using natural populations. We investigated the genetic basis of phenotypic plasticity in natural populations of spadefoot toads (<i>Spea multiplicata</i>). <i>Spea</i> tadpoles normally develop into an 'omnivore' morph that is favored in long-lasting, low-density ponds. However, if tadpoles consume freshwater shrimp or other tadpoles, they can develop (via plasticity) into a 'carnivore' morph that is favored in shallow, high-density ponds. By combining natural variation in pond ecology and morph production with population genetic approaches, we identified candidate loci associated with morph (carnivores versus omnivores) and loci associated with adaptive phenotypic plasticity (adaptive versus maladaptive morph choice). Our candidate morph loci mapped to two genes, whereas our candidate plasticity loci mapped to 12 genes. In both cases, the identified genes tended to have functions related to their putative role in spadefoot tadpole biology. Our results thereby form the basis for future studies into the molecular mechanisms that mediate plasticity in spadefoots. More generally, these results illustrate how diverse loci might be deployed to mediate adaptive plasticity.</p>
Data from: Identification of candidate loci for adaptive phenotypic plasticity in natural populations of spadefoot toads
<p>Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to alter their phenotype in direct response to changes in the environment. Despite growing recognition of plasticity's role in ecology and evolution, few studies have probed plasticity's molecular bases—especially using natural populations. We investigated the genetic basis of phenotypic plasticity in natural populations of spadefoot toads (<i>Spea multiplicata</i>). <i>Spea</i> tadpoles normally develop into an 'omnivore' morph that is favored in long-lasting, low-density ponds. However, if tadpoles consume freshwater shrimp or other tadpoles, they can alternatively develop (via plasticity) into a 'carnivore' morph that is favored in shallow, high-density ponds. By combining natural variation in pond ecology and morph production with population genetic approaches, we identified candidate loci associated with morph (carnivores versus omnivores) and loci associated with adaptive phenotypic plasticity (adaptive versus maladaptive morph choice). Our candidate morph loci mapped to two genes, whereas our candidate plasticity loci mapped to 14 genes. In both cases, the identified genes tended to have functions related to their putative role in spadefoot tadpole biology. Our results thereby form the basis for future studies into the molecular mechanisms that mediate plasticity in spadefoots. More generally, these results illustrate how diverse loci might be deployed to mediate adaptive plasticity.Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to alter their phenotype in direct response to changes in the environment. Despite growing recognition of plasticity's role in ecology and evolution, few studies have probed plasticity's molecular bases—especially using natural populations. We investigated the genetic basis of phenotypic plasticity in natural populations of spadefoot toads (<i>Spea multiplicata</i>). <i>Spea</i> tadpoles normally develop into an 'omnivore' morph that is favored in long-lasting, low-density ponds. However, if tadpoles consume freshwater shrimp or other tadpoles, they can alternatively develop (via plasticity) into a 'carnivore' morph that is favored in shallow, high-density ponds. By combining natural variation in pond ecology and morph production with population genetic approaches, we identified candidate loci associated with morph (carnivores versus omnivores) and loci associated with adaptive phenotypic plasticity (adaptive versus maladaptive morph choice). Our candidate morph loci mapped to two genes, whereas our candidate plasticity loci mapped to 14 genes. In both cases, the identified genes tended to have functions related to their putative role in spadefoot tadpole biology. Our results thereby form the basis for future studies into the molecular mechanisms that mediate plasticity in spadefoots. More generally, these results illustrate how diverse loci might be deployed to mediate adaptive plasticity.</p>
Weak coupling among barrier loci and waves of neutral and adaptive introgression across an expanding hybrid zone
<p>Hybridization can serve as an evolutionary stimulus, but we have little understanding of introgression at early stages of hybrid zone formation. We analyze reproductive isolation and introgression between a range-limited and a widespread species. Reproductive barriers are estimated based on differences in flowering time, ecogeographic distributions, and seed set from crosses. We find an asymmetrical mating barrier due to cytonuclear incompatibility that is consistent with observed clusters of coincident and concordant tension zone clines (barrier loci) for mtDNA haplotypes and nuclear SNPs. These groups of concordant clines are spread across the hybrid zone, resulting in weak coupling among barrier loci and extensive introgression. Neutral clines had nearly equal introgression into both species' ranges, while putative cases of adaptive introgression had exceptionally wide clines with centers shifted towards one species. Analyses of cline shape indicate that secondary contact was initiated within the last 800 generations with the per-generation dispersal between 200 and 400 meters, and provide some of the first estimates of the strength of selection required to account for observed levels of adaptive introgression. The weak species boundary between these species appears to be in early stages of dissolution, and ultimately will precipitate genetic swamping of the range-limited species.</p>
Data from: Is local adaptation in Mimulus guttatus caused by trade-offs at individual loci?
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Weak coupling among barrier loci and waves of neutral and adaptive introgression across an expanding hybrid zone
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Data from: Genomic clustering of adaptive loci during parallel evolution of an Australian wildflower
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Data from: Identification of candidate loci for adaptive phenotypic plasticity in natural populations of spadefoot toads
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