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29 results for “adult sex ratio”
Data belonging to the article: Estimating pre-harvest density, adult sex ratio and fecundity of white-tailed deer using wildlife cameras
<p>Adult sex ratio and fecundity (juveniles per female) are key population parameters in sustainable wildlife management, but inferring these requires abundance estimates of at least three age/sex classes of the population (male and female adults and juveniles). Prior to harvest, we used an array of 36 wildlife camera traps during 2 and 3 weeks in the early autumn of 2016 and 2017 respectively. We recorded white-tailed deer adult males, adult females and fawns from the pictures. Simultaneously, we collected fecal DNA (fDNA) from 92 20mx20m plots placed in 23 clusters of four plots between the camera traps. We identified individuals from fDNA samples with microsatellite markers and estimated the total sex ratio and population density using Spatial Capture Recapture (SCR). The fDNA-SCR analysis concluded equal sex ratio in the first year and female bias in the second year, and no difference in space use between sexes (fawns and adults combined). Camera information was analyzed in a Spatial Capture (SC) framework assuming an informative prior for animals' space use, either (1) as estimated by fDNA-SCR (same for all age/sex classes), (2) as assumed from the literature (space use of adult males larger than adult females and fawns), (3) by inferring adult male space use from individually-identified males from the camera pictures. These various SC approaches produced plausible inferences on fecundity, but also inferred total density to be lower than the estimate provided by fDNA-SCR in one of the study years. SC approaches where adult male and female were allowed to differ in their space use suggested the population had a female-biased adult sex ratio. In conclusion, SC approaches allowed estimating the pre-harvest population parameters of interest and provided conservative density estimates.</p>
Fig. 1 in Preliminary data on adult sex-ratio in Phyllognathus excavatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in central Italy
Fig. 1. Daily sex-ratio variations of adult Phyllognathus excavatus (Forster, 1771) in Lavinio, central Italy. For statistical details, see the text. Sample sizes: July 21 = 16, July 22 = 22, July 23 = 4, July 26 = 6, July 27 = 0, August 9-10 = 0, September 5 = 5 (two outside the transects)
Data belonging to the article: Estimating pre-harvest density, adult sex ratio and fecundity of white-tailed deer using wildlife cameras
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Adult sex-ratio bias does not lead to detectable adaptive offspring sex allocation via nest-site choice in a turtle with temperature-dependent sex determination
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Dataset for: Mating competition and adult sex ratio in wild Trinidadian guppies
<p><span>Most experimental tests of mating systems theory have been conducted in the laboratory, using operational sex ratios (ratio of ready-to-mate male to ready-to-mate female) that are often not representative of natural conditions. Here, we first measured the range of adult sex ratio (proportion of adult males to adult females; ASR) in two populations of Trinidadian guppies (<em>Poecilia reticulata</em>) differing in ambient predation risk (high vs. low). We then explored, under semi-wild conditions, the effect of ASR (i.e. 0.17, 0.50, 0.83) on mating competition patterns in these populations. ASR in the wild was female-biased and did not significantly differ between the two populations. The range of ASR in our experiment was representative of natural ASRs. As expected, we observed an increase in intrasexual aggression rates in both sexes as the relative abundance of competitors increased. In support of the risky competition hypothesis, all measured behaviors had lower rates in a high vs. low predation-risk population, likely due to the costs of predation. In terms of mating tactics, a male-biased ASR did not lead males to favor forced mating over courtship,</span><span> </span><span>indicating that males did not compensate for the cost of competition by switching to a less costly alternative mating tactic</span><span>. </span><span>Overall, this study highlights the need for field experiments using natural ranges of ASRs to test the validity of mating systems theory in a more complex, ecologically relevant context.</span></p>
Data for: Mechanisms that can cause population decline under heavily skewed male-biased adult sex ratios
<ol> <li><span>While adult sex ratio (ASR) is a crucial component for population management, there is still a limited understanding of how its fluctuation affects population dynamics. To demonstrate mechanisms that hinder population growth under a biased ASR, we examined changes in reproductive success with ASR using a decapod crustacean exposed to female-selective harvesting. </span></li> <li> <span>We examined the effect of ASR on the spawning</span><span> success </span><span>of females. A laboratory experiment showed that the number of eggs carried by females decreased as the proportion of males in the mating groups increased. Although the same result was not observed in data collected over 25 years in the wild, the negative effect of ASR was suggested when success in carrying eggs was considered as a spawning success. These results indicate that a surplus of males results in females failing to carry eggs, probably due to sexual coercion, and</span> <span>the negative effect of ASR can be detected at the population level only when the bias increases because failure in spawning success occurs in part of population.</span> </li> <li><span>We experimentally examined how male-biased sex ratios affected the maintenance of genetic diversity in a population. The diversity of paternity in a clutch increased with the number of candidate fathers. However, over 50% of a clutch was fertilised by a single male regardless of the sex ratio, and the degree of diversity was less than half of the highest diversity expected in each mating group. </span></li> <li><span>We also experimentally examined the mating ability of males during the breeding season. The experiment showed that multiple mating by males could not compensate for the risk that their genotypes would be lost when multiple males competed for one female. These results suggest that a male-biased ASR could trigger a decline of genetic diversity in a population.</span></li> <li><span>We show that ASR skewed by female-selective harvesting decreases reproductive success not only of males that have few mating opportunities but also of females. We discuss that we may still underestimate the significance of ASR on population persistence due to the difficulty of revealing the effect of ASR.</span></li> </ol>
Multiple paternity is related to adult sex ratio and sex determination system in reptiles
<p><span>The adult sex ratio (ASR, the proportion of males in the adult population) is an emerging predictor of reproductive behaviour, and recent studies in birds and humans suggest it is a major driver of social mating systems and parental care. ASR may also influence genetic mating systems. For instance, male-skewed ASRs are expected to increase the frequency of multiple paternity (defined here as a clutch or litter sired by two or more males) due to higher rates of coercive copulations by males and/or due to females exploiting the opportunity of copulation with multiple males to increase genetic diversity of their offspring. Here we evaluate this hypothesis in reptiles that often exhibit high frequency of multiple paternity, although its ecological and life-history predictors have remained controversial. Using a comprehensive dataset of 81 species representing all four non-avian reptile orders, we show that increased frequency of multiple paternity is predicted by more male-skewed ASR, and this relationship is robust to simultaneous effects of several life-history predictors. Additionally, we show that the frequency of multiple paternity varies with the sex determination system: species with female heterogamety (ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes) exhibit higher levels of multiple paternity than species with male heterogamety (XY/XX) or temperature-dependent sex determination. Thus, our across-species comparative study provides the first evidence that genetic mating system depends on ASR in reptiles. We call for further investigations to uncover the complex evolutionary associations between mating systems, sex determination systems and ASR.</span></p>
How does the weekend catch-up sleep ratio affect the health and lifestyle of Korean adults? An age- and sex- matched study
<p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between various levels of physical activity, self-perception, cardiometabolic risk factors, and weekend catch-up sleep ratio (CSR). Using raw data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2018 – 2021, all participants were divided into three groups (< 1.0, 1.0 ≤ CSR < 1.5, or ≥ 1.5) by CSR, which is the value calculated by dividing weekend sleep time by weekday sleep time. After matching age and sex, 2,484 Korean adults were selected as study participants. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, ANOVA, and multinomial logistic regression analysis were performed to analyze the data. The results showed a significant association between weekend CSR and socioeconomic status, physical activity, self-perception levels, and cardiometabolic risk factors. Specifically, compared to the reference group (1 ≤ CSR < 1.5), those with a CSR < 1 were 2.42 times more likely to live in a single-family house (OR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.77 – 3.32) and 1.71 times more likely to engage in vigorous physical activity meeting WHO guidelines (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.20 – 2.46). They were also 1.33 times more likely to perceive themselves as 'obese' (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.00 – 1.76). Conversely, those in the CSR ≥ 1.5 group were 3.93 times more likely to be 'pink-collar' workers (OR = 3.93, 95% CI = 2.70 – 5.71), 1.72 times more likely to perceive their stress levels as 'quite' (OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.20 – 2.47), and 1.87 times more likely to have diabetes (OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 0.97 – 3.60). Alterations in CSR could indicate changes in physical activity levels, sedentary behavior duration, and other health indicators, ultimately influencing overall well-being. Therefore, a comprehensive healthcare approach incorporating CSR considerations is increasingly essential.</p>
How does the weekend catch-up sleep ratio affect the health and lifestyle of Korean adults? An age- and sex- matched study
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Dataset for: Mating competition and adult sex ratio in wild Trinidadian guppies
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Data from: Socially plastic responses in females are robust to evolutionary manipulations of adult sex ratio and adult nutrition
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Multiple paternity is related to adult sex ratio and sex determination system in reptiles
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Data for: Mechanisms that can cause population decline under heavily skewed male-biased adult sex ratios
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Causes and consequences of an unusually male-biased adult sex ratio in an unmanaged feral horse population
<p>1. The adult sex ratio (ASR) is important within ecology due to its predicted effects on behaviour, demography, and evolution, but research examining the causes and consequences of ASR bias have lagged behind studies of sex ratios at earlier life stages. Although ungulate ASR is relatively well-studied, exceptions to the usual female-biased ASR challenge our understanding of the underlying drivers of biased ASR, and provide an opportunity to better understand its consequences.</p> <p>2. Some feral ungulate populations, including multiple horse populations, exhibit unusually male-biased ASR. For example, research suggests that the feral horse (Equus ferus caballus) population on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Canada, may exhibit a male-biased ASR. Such exceptions to the rule provide a valuable opportunity to reveal the contributions of environmental context and trait differences to ASR bias.</p> <p>3. We aimed to test for bias in Sable Island horse ASR, identify the demographic drivers of bias, and explore its demographic and social consequences. To do this, we used life-history, movement, and group membership information for hundreds of horses followed through a long-term individual-based study between 2007 and 2018.</p> <p>4. Sable Island horse ASR is male-biased, and this skew has increased over time, reaching 62% male in 2018. Our life table response experiment suggested that ASR skew was driven predominantly by male-biased adult survival. Further analyses pointed to sex-biased survival being driven by reduced female survival post-reproduction. Male-biased ASR was associated with reduced harem sizes, an increase in the number of social groups on the island, and reduced reproduction in young females.</p> <p>5. Our results support the idea that male-biased ASR in feral ungulate populations may be caused by a combination of high population density and high reproductive output. We suggest that female-biased mortality may be caused by females continuing to reproduce at high density, and thus being more susceptible to resource shortages. Thus, our results highlight the strong context-dependence of ASR. Furthermore, our work indicates the potential for ASR to substantially alter a population's social organisation. Such changes in social structure could have knock-on consequences for demography by altering the formation/stability of social relationships, or competition for matings.</p>
Data from: Noninvasive physiological markers demonstrate link between habitat quality, adult sex ratio and poor population growth rate in a vulnerable species, the Cape mountain zebra
Effective conservation and species management requires an understanding of the causes of poor population growth. Conservation physiology uses biomarkers to identify factors that contribute to low individual fitness and population declines. Building on this, macrophysiology can use the same markers to assess how individual physiology varies with different ecological or demographic factors over large temporal and spatial scales. Here, we use a macrophysiological approach to identify the ecological and demographic correlates of poor population growth rates in the Cape mountain zebra metapopulation. We use two non-invasive biomarkers: faecal glucocorticoids as a measure of chronic stress, and faecal androgens as an indicator of male physiological status. We found that faecal glucocorticoid concentrations were highest in the spring prior to summer rainfall, and were elevated in individuals from populations associated with low quality habitat (lower grass abundance). In addition, faecal androgen concentrations were higher in populations with a high proportion of non-breeding stallions (where male:female adult sex ratios exceed 2:1) suggesting sex ratio imbalances may intensify male competition. Finally, population growth rate was negatively associated with faecal glucocorticoid concentrations and female fecundity was negatively associated with faecal androgens, indicating a relationship between hormone profiles and fitness. Together, our results provide cross population evidence for how poor population growth rates in Cape mountain zebra can be linked to individual physiological biomarkers. More broadly, we advocate physiological biomarkers as indicators of population viability, and as a way to evaluate the impact of variable ecological and demographic factors. In addition, conservation physiology can be used to assess the efficacy of management interventions for this subspecies, and this approach could inform models of species' responses to future environmental change.
Data from: Adult sex ratio and operational sex ratio exhibit different temporal dynamics in the wild
Adult sex ratio (ASR, the proportion of adult males in the adult population) and operational sex ratio (OSR, the proportion of sexually active males in the mating pool) are fundamental properties of breeding populations and they are often linked to mating systems and sexual selection. However, ASR and OSR emerge via different routes in a population and may exhibit different temporal patterns. Here, we use data from a well-monitored polygamous snowy plover Charadrius nivosus population sampled over 3 consecutive breeding seasons to investigate whether temporal changes in ASR relate to changes in OSR. We found that snowy plovers exhibited male-biased ASR and OSR. Consistent with theoretical expectations, OSR was more variable than ASR. However, there was no consistent relationship between OSR and ASR: in only 1 of the 3 study years we found a weak positive relationship (r = 0.22). The lack of association was corroborated by time series analyses and sensitivity tests. Our work therefore suggests that ASR and OSR exhibit different temporal patterns in a polygamous population, and we call for further theoretical and empirical studies that analyze their relationship across a range of different breeding systems.
Evolution of large males is associated with female-skewed adult sex ratios in amniotes
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Data from: Natal habitat and sex-specific survival rates result in a male-biased adult sex ratio
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Data from: Adult sex ratio and operational sex ratio exhibit different temporal dynamics in the wild
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Data from: Noninvasive physiological markers demonstrate link between habitat quality, adult sex ratio and poor population growth rate in a vulnerable species, the Cape mountain zebra
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