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30 results for “all male broods”
Contribution of males to brood care can compensate for their food consumption from a shared resource
<p>The sharing of the same food source among parents and offspring can be a driver of the evolution of family life and parental care. However, if all family members desire the same meal, competitive situations can arise, especially if resource depletion is likely. When food is shared for reproduction and the raising of offspring, parents have to decide whether they should invest in self-maintenance or in their offspring and it is not entirely clear how these two strategies are balanced. In the burying beetle <i>Nicrophorus vespilloides</i>, parents care for their offspring either bi- or uniparentally at a vertebrate carcass as the sole food source. The question of whether biparental care in this species offers the offspring a better environment for development compared with uniparental care has been the subject of some debate. We tested the hypothesis that male contribution to biparental brood care has a beneficial effect on offspring fitness but that this effect can be masked because the male also feeds from the shared resource. We show that a mouse carcass prepared by two <i>Nicrophorus</i> beetles is lighter compared with a carcass prepared by a single female beetle at the start of larval hatching and provisioning. This difference in carcass mass can influence offspring fitness when food availability is limited, supporting our hypothesis. Our results provide new insights into the possible evolutionary pathway of biparental care in this species of burying beetles.</p>
Figure 5 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka (version 2)
Figure 5 (continued on next page). Sequential but not consecutive frames from a 30fps video clip showing the approach of the male and mating by this cohabiting Telamonia dimidiata pair. 1-3, Approach by male.
Figure 4 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka (version 2)
Figure 4 (continued on next page). Cohabiting male and female Telamonia dimidiata. 1, Male guarding penultimate female. 2, Male near adult female after molt. 3, Male approaching female. 4-5, Mating. 6, Male near female after mating for ~90s. Some images (1-2) were composited to show both spiders in focus.
Figure 2 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka (version 2)
Figure 2 (continued from previous page). Adult male Telamonia dimidiata with recently moulted female. 16-20, Male moving about in the vicinity of the female. 21, Female in thin silk shelter (resting sac or retreat) on the next day. Both sexes construct temporary nocturnal retreats like this one (Ahmed et al. 2019).
Figure 4 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka (version 2)
Figure 4 (continued from previous page). Cohabiting male and female Telamonia dimidiata. 12, Female with exuvium in shelter after mating. 13-15, Female in or near shelter during the two days after mating.
Figure 3 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka (version 2)
Figure 3 (continued from previous page). Female Telamonia dimidiata with their broods. 5, Female near one entrance to her brood sac (at right). 6-10, Female attending her brood. 6, After this initial observation, this female was disturbed and left her sac to jump down. Her dragline was accidentally severed and she was not seen in the vicinity for 3 days. 7, Female at center of brood sac several days later, after her return to the site. 8, Female outside of her brood sac, near one of the two entrances (upper right). 9, Female after return to center of brood sac. Note entrance at the bottom of the sac. 10, Detail from (9). Note presence of egg shell fragments in the tubular chamber in front of the female (at top, center).
Figure 2 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka (version 2)
Figure 2 (continued from previous page, continued on next page). Adult male Telamonia dimidiata with recently moulted female. 10-15, Male moving about in the vicinity of the female.
Figure 1 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka (version 2)
Figure 1. Recently moulted female Telamonia dimidiata suspended from her dragline, below her exuvium and
Figure 2 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka (version 2)
Figure 2 (continued on next page). Adult male Telamonia dimidiata with recently moulted female. 2-4, Male moving down to female exuvium. 5-7, Male climbing down to leaf occupied by female. 8-9, Male under leaf with female.
Figure 5 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka (version 2)
Figure 5 (continued from previous page). Sequential but not consecutive frames from a hand-held 30 fps (640 x 360 pixel) video clip of the approach of the male and mating by this cohabiting Telamonia dimidiata pair. 4-8, Approach by male. 9-15, Mating. The opisthosoma of the female was rotated to allow mating on the left side.
Figure 4 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka (version 2)
Figure 4 (continued from previous page, continued on next page). Cohabiting and mating Telamonia dimidiata. 7-9, Male near female after mating. 10-11, Female with exuvium in shelter after mating.
Figure 3 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka (version 2)
Figure 3 (continued on next page). Female Telamonia dimidiata with their broods. 1, End-on view of female in tubular central chamber surrounded by her brood. Note the well-developed eye pigment of the instar I (hatchling) spiderlings. No egg shell fragments are visible. 2-5, View of a different brood sac containing spiderlings (2), and female near one entrance of this brood sac accompanied by several instar II (emergent) spiderlings (3-5). These have longer legs than instar I spiderlings.
Figure 3 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka
Figure 3 (continued from previous page). Female Telamonia dimidiata with their broods. 5, Female near one entrance to her brood sac (at right). 6-10, Female attending her brood. 6, After this initial observation, this female was disturbed and left her sac to jump down. Her dragline was accidentally severed and she was not seen in the vicinity for 3 days. 7, Female at center of brood sac several days later, after her return to the site. 8, Female outside of her brood sac, near one of the two entrances (upper right). 9, Female after return to center of brood sac. Note entrance at the bottom of the sac. 10, Detail from (9). Note presence of egg shell fragments in the tubular chamber in front of the female (at top, center).
Figure 3 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka
Figure 3 (continued on next page). Female Telamonia dimidiata with their broods. 1, End-on view of female in tubular central chamber surrounded by her brood. Note the well-developed eye pigment of the instar I (hatchling) spiderlings. No egg shell fragments are visible. 2-5, View of a different brood sac containing spiderlings (2), and female near one entrance of this brood sac accompanied by several instar II (emergent) spiderlings (3-5). These have longer legs than instar I spiderlings.
Figure 2 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka
Figure 2 (continued from previous page). Adult male Telamonia dimidiata with recently moulted female. 16-20, Male moving about in the vicinity of the female. 21, Female in thin silk shelter (resting sac or retreat) on the next day. Both sexes construct temporary nocturnal retreats like this one (Ahmed et al. 2019).
Figure 2 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka
Figure 2 (continued from previous page, continued on next page). Adult male Telamonia dimidiata with recently moulted female. 10-15, Male moving about in the vicinity of the female.
Figure 2 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka
Figure 2 (continued on next page). Adult male Telamonia dimidiata with recently moulted female. 2-4, Male moving down to female exuvium. 5-7, Male climbing down to leaf occupied by female. 8-9, Male under leaf with female.
Figure 1 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka
Figure 1. Recently moulted female Telamonia dimidiata suspended from her dragline, below her exuvium and
Figure 10. Adult male Brettus cingulatus. 1 in Conversion of the egg nest to a brood nest by the female Brettus cingulatus (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini)
Figure 10. Adult male Brettus cingulatus. 1, Display with pedipalps extended to the sides. 2, Grooming, with fangs extended and chelicerae separated to reveal the endites and rostrum to the rear. Attribution and ©: 1-2, acharya_mr.
Data from: Brood size, food availability, and body size affects male care decisions and offspring performance
<p>Parental care strategies do not only vary greatly across species, but also within species, there can be substantial between- and within-individual variation in parental care behaviour. To better understand the evolution of care strategies, it is crucial to determine how and when parents modify their behaviour in response to internal as well as environmental factors. Here, we investigated the effect of brood size, resource size and an individual's quality on care strategies of uniparental males and examined the downstream consequences on offspring performance in the burying beetle <em>Nicrophorus vespilloides</em>. Burying beetles breed on small vertebrate cadavers and, on average, males invest much less in care than females. Nevertheless, we found that uniparentally caring males were responsive to their social and non-social environment and adjusted the amount as well as the type of care to the size of the brood, the size of the cadaver and their own body size. Additionally, we show that the care strategies affected offspring performance. Specifically, males that cared longer had larger and more surviving larvae. Our results add to our understanding of plastic parenting strategies by showing that even the sex that provides less care can evolve a very flexible care behaviour.</p>
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