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20 results for “allelopathy”
Allelopathy of Frangula Alnus to Native New England Wetland Vegetation at Harvard Forest 2008
Glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus), an invasive shrub from Eurasia, colonizes both upland and mesic sites in New England, USA, reducing the growth and survival of native tree saplings and lowering species richness. Although a generalist, buckthorn thrives particularly well along river, pond, and wetland margins, which are traditional habitat for speckled alder (Alnus incana ssp. rugosa), a native nitrogen-fixing shrub. As buckthorn’s dense, monospecific growth is typical of allelopaths, we wondered whether it chemically suppresses the growth of alder and other indigenous shrubs. We thus propagated three native shrub species: Alnus incana ssp. rugosa, Viburnum dentatum and Spiraea latifolia, in invasive buckthorn and native dogwood (Cornus amomum) root and leaf mulch. After seven weeks, alder grown in buckthorn root demonstrated significantly smaller basal diameter than alder grown in buckthorn leaf or other mulches. Therefore, putative buckthorn allelopathy to alder likely occurs through root exudation instead of leaf litter effects. Meadowsweet grown in buckthorn mulch, in contrast, was taller, thicker, and had more numerous leaves than meadowsweet grown in native mulch. These species-specific effects point to allelopathy as a mechanism by which buckthorn changes the structure of native plant communities.
Data and reproducible code for Honor et al: Direct and indirect fitness effects of competition limit evolution of allelopathy in an invading plant
<p><span>Upon introduction to new continents, invading species encounter novel communities of consumers, pathogens, and competitors. Both phenotypic plasticity and rapid evolution can facilitate adaptation across these heterogenous communities, facilitating further invasion. However, the rate and extent of adaptive evolution on contemporary timescales can be constrained by phenotypic plasticity and limits imposed by genetic co-variation for traits under selection.</span></p> <p><span>We measured phenotypic plasticity and quantified genetic co-variation for growth, competition, and fitness among </span>23 naturally inbred seed families <span>of <em>Alliaria petiolata</em> (garlic mustard) </span>collected across its invasive range in eastern North America. After growing a self-pollinated generation in a uniform common garden to reduce maternal effects, we reared second-generation plants in a <span>two-year greenhouse and field experiment with naïve soil from an uninvaded habitat. W</span>e measured selection gradients and lifetime fitness when reared alone, with an intraspecific competitor, and under interspecific competition with naïve <em>Acer saccharum </em>(sugar maple) saplings.</p> <p>Total glucosinolate production was strongly correlated with the production of chlorophyll a (Chl a) (<em>R<sup>2</sup></em> = 0.45) such that first principal component (PC1) accounted for 84% of variation in these two traits. Furthermore, PC1 exhibited high plasticity across growing environments (p < 0.001) with limited broad-sense heritability (<em>H<sup>2</sup> </em>= 2.91; p = 0.08). In contrast, investment in glucosinolate production relative to Chl a (PC2) was significantly heritable (<em>H</em><sup><em>2</em> </sup>=16.91, p < 0.001) with minimal plasticity across treatments. Causal analysis revealed that plastic variation for higher Chl a + glucosinolate production (PC1) had an indirect positive effect on A. petiolata fitness via a direct, negative effect on <em>A. saccharum</em> performance. In contrast, heritable variation for higher glucosinolate investment (PC2) had a direct, positive effect on <em>A. saccharum</em> performance and an indirect negative effect on A. petiolata fitness. </p> <p>Applying causal inference, we find that evolution of allelopathy in <em>A. petiolata</em> has been constrained by (i) a lack of genetic variation, (ii) selection against glucosinolate investment under interspecific competition, and (iii) phenotypic plasticity. These factors limit adaptive evolution but maintain fitness during population growth as plants switch from interspecific to intraspecific competition during invasion.</p>
Data and reproducible code for Honor et al: Direct and indirect fitness effects of competition limit evolution of allelopathy in an invading plant
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Interfering with neighbouring communities: allelopathy astray in the tundra delays seedling development
<p>1. Altered species composition caused by environmental and climatic change can affect the transfer of plant residues among communities. Whereas transferred residues are typically considered a resource in recipient systems, residues of allelopathic species may instead cause interference.</p> <p>2. Evergreen dwarf shrubs, specifically the allelopathic species Empetrum nigrum are increasing in abundance in response to a warming climate. Empetrum has small, evergreen leaves that can be transferred to other communities when withered and lost from the plant.</p> <p>3. We hypothesize that Empetrum can have allelopathic effects in the recipient communities of the withered leaves. We call this allochthonous allelopathy as opposed to autochthonous allelopathy, which is well documented in communities where it grows.</p> <p>4. We measured influx of allochthonous Empetrum leaves onto snow-covered snowbeds, where they are easily identified within the debris. Next, we compared the bioactivity of allochthonous withered leaves with that of green Empetrum leaves. Finally, we conducted an experiment testing the germination and seedling growth of ten tundra species in snowbed soil supplemented with no (control) and three densities of allochthonous Empetrum leaves.</p> <p>5. We found Empetrum leaves to be common on the snow cover of snowbeds. We found Empetrum leaves collected on snowbeds to be as bioactive as green leaves. Finally, we found forb species to have reduced germination and all ten species to have delayed seedling development when growing in snowbed soil supplemented with withered Empetrum leaves. Seedlings under the control treatment were 2.3 times longer and had 3.2 times more leaves in comparison to seedlings grown under the strongest allochthonous leaf treatment.</p> <p>6. Results from our study imply that Empetrum is allelopathic in recipient systems of its allochthonous leaves. The abundant nature of Empetrum in the tundra, suggests that allochthonous allelopathy is a common phenomenon, causing biotic stress in snowbeds and potentially other parts of the tundra. Exemplifying the ability of a plant to interfere in neighbouring communities, our study demonstrates a plant trait that may provide insight to other study systems.</p>
Data from: Canopy facilitation outweighs elemental allelopathy in a metalliferous system during an exceptionally dry year
<p>The Elemental Allelopathy hypothesis states that the metal-rich litter of hyper-accumulating species may have a detrimental impact on neighbouring plants giving a competitive advantage to hyper-accumulators. Here, we aim to specify the conditions of application of this hypothesis in realistic field conditions, and its relative importance compared to other positive effects found in metalliferous systems. We disentangled the litter-induced elemental allelopathy and canopy effects of two metallophyte species (<em>Arenaria multicaulis</em> and <em>Hutchinsia alpina</em>) with different levels of leaf Zn and Cd accumulation on two ecotypes of <em>Agrostis capillaris</em> with different levels of metal tolerance. The experiment was conducted in two habitats with contrasting pollution levels in a former mining valley in the Pyrenees (France). The metallophyte species that accumulates more metals (<em>Hutchinsia alpina</em>) showed a strong elemental allelopathy effect on the target with lower metal tolerance in the habitat with lower pollution level, while the metallophyte species that accumulates less metals (<em>Arenaria multicaulis</em>) had no litter effect. Both metallophyte species had positive canopy effects likely due to the improvement of micro-climatic conditions. The drought that occurred during the experiment may have influenced these canopy effects, increasing their importance during the course of the study. For <em>Hutchinsia alpina </em>the positive canopy effects were stronger than the negative litter effects, resulting in overall positive effects on both target ecotypes.</p> <p><em>Synthesis.</em> Our results brought a better understanding of the occurrence of elemental allelopathy in metallophyte communities and its relative importance as compared to micro-climatic facilitation in a global warming context.</p>
Dataset: Limited seed dispersal, allelopathy and unfavorable microclimatic conditions prevent the recovery of oak forests within Eucalyptus plantations
<p>This repository contains the files associated with the following article:</p> <p>Ernesto I. Badano, Pablo Siller-Clavel. Limited seed dispersal, allelopathy and unfavorable microclimatic conditions prevent the recovery of oak forests within <em>Eucalyptus</em> plantations. Published in <em>European Journal of Forest Research</em>.</p> <p>The repository provides an interactive map, optimized for Google Earth, that shows the administrative area of the Park Lázaro Cárdenas del Rio located in the state of Puebla, Mexico (yellow polygon) and the areas covered by plantations of <em>Eucalyptus camaldulensis</em> (red polygons) by the years in which the study was conducted (2009-2011). The areas that are not highlighted within the park correspond to oak forest remnants and some deforested areas. The interactive map also provides the geographic coordinates of the 100 square plots of 1x1 m used to sample the oak seed banks within forest remnants and plantations in 2009 and 2010, as well as the geographic coordinates of the 200 experimental plots located in each of these habitat types. To display this information, click on the corresponding the boxes located in the lateral bar of Google Earth.</p> <p>The data that support the result of the study are provided in Microsoft Excel files. The first of these files (Dataset 01 - Acorn density.xlsx) has a single sheet indicating the number of acorns recorded on 100 square plots of 1x1 m randomly distributed in the understories of forest remnants and plantations. The second file (Dataset 02 - Acorn germination trials.xlsx) has two sheets with the data used to estimate acorn germination rates of <em>Quercus castanea</em> and <em>Quercus laeta</em> in the <em>in vitro</em> and greenhouse germination trials. The third file (Dataset 03 - Field experiment.xlsx) has two sheets, where the first one contains the data used to estimate acorn germination rates and seedling survival of <em>Quercus castanea</em> and <em>Quercus laeta</em> on soil of <em>Eucalyptus</em> plantations and oak forests in these two habitats, and the second one contains the microclimatic data (photosynthetic photon flux density, air temperature, rainfall and volumetric soil water content) measured in plantations and forests.</p>
Data from: Litter nutrient release and allelopathy jointly contribute to the diversity–invasibility relationship
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Data from: Allelopathy and its co-evolutionary implications between native and non-native neighbors of invasive Cynara cardunculus L.
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Data from: Canopy facilitation outweighs elemental allelopathy in a metalliferous system during an exceptionally dry year
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Interfering with neighbouring communities: allelopathy astray in the tundra delays seedling development
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Data from: Context-dependent induction of allelopathy in plants under competition
Some plants use allelopathy to compete against neighbouring plants, and the ability to induce allelopathic compound production in response to competition is hypothesized to be adaptive, as plants can save costs of metabolite production in the absence of competitors. However, whether plants induce allelopathy has rarely been explored so far. We studied the inducibility of polyacetylenes—putative allelopathic compounds in Solidago altissima—in response to competition. Polyacetylenes were found in natural soil surrounding S. altissima patches within the range of concentration known to inhibit competitor growth. Individual S. altissima plants with higher polyacetylene concentration in roots suppressed the growth of the competitor plants more, suggesting that root polyacetylene levels proximate plants' allelopathic capacity. Competition induced polyacetylenes in a context-dependent manner: Whereas introduced Japanese and Australian populations of S. altissima had higher constitutive concentration of polyacetylenes than the native North American populations, inducibility was observed only in Australian plants, where the population is still at an early stage of invasion. Also, induction became more prominent under nutrient depletion, where enhanced allelopathy may be particularly beneficial for suppressing a competitor's exploitative capacity. Finally, we found weak evidence for a trade-off between constitutive and induced polyacetylenes. The observed patterns suggest that allelopathic plants could respond to competition by inducing allelochemical production, but the benefit of such plasticity may vary across time and space. Shifts in competitor communities in introduced range over time may shape plant's plastic responses to competition, while variation in resource availability may alter competitive environment to influence the degree to which plants induce allelopathy.
Herbivory and allelopathy contribute jointly to the diversity-invasibility relationship
<p><span>To construct experimental communities of different species richness (1, 2, 4 and 8 species), we used eight native species (<em>Arctium lappa</em> L., <em>Patrinia villos</em>a (Thunb.) Juss., <em>Achyranthes bidentata</em> Bl.,<em> Reynoutria japonica </em>Houtt., <em>Taraxacum mongolicum</em> Hand.-Mazz., <em>Plantago asiatica</em> Ledeb., <em>Platycodon grandiflorus</em> (Jacq.) A. DC., <em>Antenoron filiforme</em> (Thunb.) Rob. et Vaut.). These species were chosen because they are common in natural shrub-grassland communities in the Zhejiang province, China, and two of them, <em>P. villosa</em> and <em>A. bidentata</em>, are usually very dominant in those communities. <em>Solidago canadensis</em> L. was selected as the invader.</span></p> <p><span>In May 2017, we prepared 188 plots of 2 m × 2 m in a previous agricultural field that had been abandoned seven years earlier, in Luqiao (121°23′46.16″ E, 28°31′21.62″ N). During October to December 2016, the top 10 cm of the soil was removed to deplete the seed bank, and the remaining soil was ploughed and repeatedly rotovated to produce a fine soil. In March to April 2017, the plots were weeded three times to further deplete the seed bank. The experimental area was divided into four blocks of 47 plots. In each plot, we constructed monocultures for each of the eight species with one replicate each, six two-species mixtures of different compositions and with three replicates each, six four-species mixtures with different compositions and three replicates each, and one eight-species mixture with three replicates. Each native species was used in an equal number of plots at each species-richness level. When the invasion treatment started, we also established three monoculture plots of the invader (<em>S. canadensis</em>) to assess potential side effects of activated carbon application</span></p>
Herbivory and allelopathy contribute jointly to the diversity-invasibility relationship
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Data from: Resisting annihilation: relationships between functional trait dissimilarity, assemblage competitive power and allelopathy
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Data from: Context-dependent induction of allelopathy in plants under competition
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Data from: Allelopathy as an emergent, exploitable public good in the bloom-forming microalga Prymnesium parvum
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Supplementary material 1 from: Guo X, Liu X-Y, Jiang S-Y, Guo S-X, Wang J-F, Hu Y, Li S-M, Li H-M, Wang T, Sun Y-K, Li M-Y (2023) Allelopathy and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi interactions shape plant invasion outcomes. NeoBiota 89: 187-207. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.89.110737
Responses of the aboveground biomass of native plant species to the allelopathy (n = 10)
Data for: Testing an invasion mechanism for Eucalyptus globulus: is there evidence of allelopathy?
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><i>Premise of study</i>- Sparse understory communities, in association with non-native tree species, are often attributed to allelopathy, the chemical inhibition of one plant by another. However, allelopathy is a difficult ecological phenomenon to demonstrate with many studies showing conflicting results. <i>Eucalyptus globulus</i>, a native tree to Australia, is one of the most widely planted trees around the world. Sparse understories are common beneath <i>E. globulus</i>plantations and are often attributed to allelopathy, but the ecological impacts of <i>E. globulus</i>on native plant communities are poorly understood. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><i>Methods -</i>To assess allelopathy as a mechanism of understory inhibition, we tested volatile- and water-soluble leaf extracts on seed germination of California native plants. We also quantified germination rates and early seedling growth of native plants grown in soil from <i>E. globulus</i>plantations versus soil from an adjacent native plant community. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><i>Key results</i>- Volatile compounds from <i>E. globulus</i>did not significantly reduce germination for any species. Inhibition from water-soluble <i>E. globulus</i>compounds was comparable to that of a native tree, <i>Quercus agrifolia </i>(10%)<i>.</i><i>Eucalyptus globulus</i>soil supported germination and early seedling growth of native species equal to or better than coastal scrub soil, although species responses were variable. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><i>Conclusions</i>- In contrast to previous studies, our results fail to support the hypothesis that <i>E. globulus</i>chemically inhibits germination of native species. California native plants germinate and grow well in soils from <i>E. globulus</i>plantations, which may have significant implications for management and restoration of land historically occupied by <i>E. globulus</i>plantations. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data for: Testing an invasion mechanism for Eucalyptus globulus: is there evidence of allelopathy?
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Data from: Allelopathy prevents competitive exclusion and promotes phytoplankton biodiversity
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