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18 results for “altriciality”
Fig. 1 in Growth Processes In The Postembryonic Development In Altricial Birds On The Example Of Song Thrush, Turdus Philomelos (Passeriformers, Turdidae): A Multivariate Approach
Fig. 1. Distribution of centroids for the age-based song thrush samples in the factor space of PC1 and PC2 (figs 1–13 denote nestling's age in days).
Fig. 3 in Growth Processes In The Postembryonic Development In Altricial Birds On The Example Of Song Thrush, Turdus Philomelos (Passeriformers, Turdidae): A Multivariate Approach
Fig. 3. Results of comparison of 20 morphometric traits (1–20) in nestlings of song thrush according to their DRPI and dynamics of growth processes. Numbers of traits as given in table 1.
Disturbance history alters the development of the HPA axis in altricial nestling birds
<p>Glucocorticoid (GC) hormones regulate the vertebrate stress response and are secreted by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Acute elevation of GCs is thought be adaptive because it promotes physiological and behavioural changes that allow animals to cope with disturbances. In contrast, chronic elevation of GCs is associated with reduced body condition, immune function, reproductive success, and survival. In adult birds, the effects of chronic stress have been well documented, including human-related disturbances. In contrast, the effects of chronic stress on nestlings have rarely been addressed. This is of interest, as many ecological or monitoring studies of wild birds require nestlings to be regularly handled. However, the consequences of repeated handling of nestlings on HPA axis function and body mass o remain poorly quantified. We examined whether daily exposure to handling stress increased corticosterone (the dominant avian glucocorticoid) secretion and reduced pre-fledging body mass relative to undisturbed control nestlings of the Noisy Miner (<em>Manorina melanocephala), </em>a native Australian passerine bird. Daily handling resulted in an elevated baseline and attenuated stress-induced corticosterone levels in disturbed 14-day nestlings, in comparison with control nestlings handled for the first time. Despite this, disturbed and control nestlings fledged at a similar body mass. Baseline and stress-induced corticosterone increased with nestling age but remained independent of nestling sex and hatching order. These findings suggest that chronic stress causes physiological alterations to the development of the HPA axis in nestling birds, in turn suggesting that researchers should minimise or account for handling stress in their experiments. These data also raise the possibility that other chronic stressors may have physiological consequences for the development of the HPA axis in nestling birds. </p>
Indirect maternal effects via nest microbiome composition drives gut colonization in altricial chicks
<p>The new version of the dataset includes the raw data and R scripts necessary to reproduce the analyses and figures explained in the manuscript "Indirect maternal effects via nest microbiome composition drives gut colonization in altricial chicks"<strong>. </strong></p> <p>The manuscript linked to this data has undergone a first round of peer-reviewed, which explains the differences between the first and second (current) version of the dataset.</p> <p>Notice that the manuscript has a new title and consequently the dataset title has been updated.</p> <p>This dataset includes:</p> <p>- ASV.xlxs: Complete ASV table of the field experiment. We collected cloacal swabs from parents and chicks in ten nests of Great tits (<em>Parus major</em>) and ten nests of Blue tis (<em>Cyanistes caeruleus</em>) together with nest and water microbiome. The Genbank accession numbers of the samples are given in each column (Bioproject: PRJNA800248). This file has been placed out of the folder "project data & code" for easy access.</p> <p>- README.docx: Complete explanation of the different raw data used for the statistical analyses, together with the link to the R script where data is analyzed. We recommend to read this document before diving into the data and scripts.</p> <p>- Project data & code: Two separate folders for raw data and code.</p>
Disturbance history alters the development of the HPA axis in altricial nestling birds
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Data from: Harsh conditions during early development influence telomere length in an altricial passerine: links with oxidative stress and corticosteroids
Stress during early development can induce substantial long-term effects in organisms. In the case of birds, despite growth compensations, nestlings reared under harsh conditions typically show reduced survival chances in adulthood. It has been proposed that environmental early-life stressors could affect longevity via effects on telomere length, possibly mediated through oxidative stress. However, the link between these processes is not clear. In this study, we experimentally manipulated brood size in spotless starlings (Sturnus unicolor) to test the causal relationship between early stress, oxidative and corticosterone-mediated stress and telomere shortening. Our results show that experimentally enlarged brood sizes led to a reduction in morphometric development on nestlings, the effect being stronger for females than males. Additionally, basal corticosterone levels increased with increasing brood size in female nestlings. Neither plasma antioxidant status nor malondialdehyde levels (a marker of lipid peroxidation) were affected by experimental brood size, although the levels of a key intracellular antioxidant (glutathione) decreased with increasing brood size. We found that the treatment showed a quadratic effect on nestling telomere lengths, that were shortened either by increases or decreases of the original brood size. Our study provides experimental evidence for a link between developmental stress and telomere length, but does not support a direct causal link of this reduction with corticosterone or oxidative stress. We suggest that future studies should focus on how telomere length responds to additional markers of allostatic load.
Data from: Sibling cooperation influences the age of nest leaving in an altricial bird
In altricial birds, siblings raised within a nest usually leave the nest within hours of each other, despite often differing considerably in age. The youngest members of the brood are typically underdeveloped at this time and less likely than their older siblings to survive outside the nest, yet they risk abandonment if they do not fledge with their older siblings. Nest leaving is usually initiated by the older offspring, which may delay this process to provide more time for their younger siblings to mature, increasing the younger siblings' postfledging survival and their own inclusive fitness. We tested this hypothesis in a population of house wrens Troglodytes aedon and found that broods with broad age spans among siblings had longer nestling periods than broods with narrow age spans and that delayed fledging improves the survival and reproductive prospects of younger siblings, although at a potential cost to future siblings. We also manipulated age spans through cross-fostering and found that older foster nestlings postponed fledging when raised with younger broodmates, as predicted if the age of younger nestlings determines the time of fledging. Our results support kin-selection theory and demonstrate that the exact time of fledging is attributable, in part, to sib-sib interactions.
Data from: Sibling cooperation influences the age of nest leaving in an altricial bird
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Data from: Harsh conditions during early development influence telomere length in an altricial passerine: links with oxidative stress and corticosteroids
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Comparative skeletal anatomy of neonatal ursids and the extreme altriciality of the giant panda
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Data from: Dynamic changes in DNA methylation during embryonic and postnatal development of an altricial wild bird
DNA methylation could shape phenotypic responses to environmental cues and underlie developmental plasticity. Environmentally induced changes in DNA methylation during development can give rise to stable phenotypic traits and thus affect fitness. In the laboratory, it has been shown that the vertebrate methylome undergoes dynamic reprogramming during development, creating a critical window for environmentally induced epigenetic modifications. Studies of DNA methylation in the wild are lacking, yet are essential for understanding how genes and the environment interact to affect phenotypic development and ultimately fitness. Furthermore, our knowledge of the establishment of methylation patterns during development in birds is limited. We quantified genome-wide DNA methylation at various stages of embryonic and postnatal development in an altricial passerine bird, the great tit Parus major. While there was no change in global DNA methylation in embryonic tissue during the second half of embryonic development, a two-fold increase in DNA methylation in blood occurred between 6 and 15 d posthatch. Though not directly comparable, DNA methylation levels were higher in the blood of nestlings compared with embryonic tissue at any stage of prenatal development. This provides the first evidence that DNA methylation undergoes global change during development in a wild bird, supporting the hypothesis that methylation mediates phenotypic development. Furthermore, the plasticity of DNA methylation demonstrated during late postnatal development, in the present study, suggests a wide window during which DNA methylation could be sensitive to environmental influences. This is particularly important for our understanding of the mechanisms by which early-life conditions influence later-life performance. While we found no evidence for differences in genome-wide methylation in relation to habitat of origin, environmental variation is likely to be an important driver of variation in methylation at specific loci.
Data from: Re-evaluating the distribution of cooperative breeding in birds: is it tightly linked with altriciality?
The evolution of cooperative breeding (CB) in birds has aroused intensive interest for decades, largely due to the paradox that some adults forgo independent breeding to help others. While much effort has been directed at understanding the adaptive significance of CB behavior, much less effort has been spent on understanding its origin. Ligon and Burt argued that the evolution of altriciality played a key role in the origin of CB since CB occurs more frequently in altricial lineages than expected if developmental mode and CB evolved independently and that both traits arose early in the avian tree of life. We mapped presence or absence of CB, and precocial or altricial development on a recent phylogeny of all birds to re-evaluate their conclusions. Our results suggest altriciality may be more recently derived than previously thought, and that CB species clustered in a derived land bird clade (especially within Passeriformes) where we reconstructed many gains and losses. We did find a link between cooperative breeding and altriciality. However, since CB also occurs in precocial species, has not evolved in many altricial clades, and may have evolved prior to altriciality (based on some classifications of which species have CB), it is not clear whether altriciality is linked to other factors, such as benefits to group living, that are necessary for the acquisition of CB behavior, or whether altriciality may have been a driving force in the evolution of CB itself. The relative importance of these other factors versus altriciality for the origin of CB needs to be considered.
Fig. 2. RPI values for 20 in Growth Processes In The Postembryonic Development In Altricial Birds On The Example Of Song Thrush, Turdus Philomelos (Passeriformers, Turdidae): A Multivariate Approach
Fig. 2. RPI values for 20 traits during the phase of rapid growth (0–8 days), phase of slow growth (8–14 days) and after leaving the nest (14 days to adulthood). Numbers of traits as given in table 1.
Fig. 4 in Growth Processes In The Postembryonic Development In Altricial Birds On The Example Of Song Thrush, Turdus Philomelos (Passeriformers, Turdidae): A Multivariate Approach
Fig. 4. Dynamics of DRPI values of body, head, wing and leg in the breeding period of song thrush nestling development.
Data from: Dynamic changes in DNA methylation during embryonic and postnatal development of an altricial wild bird
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Data from: Age-related prenatal maternal effects and postnatal breeding experience have different influences on nestling development in an altricial passerine
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Data from: Re-evaluating the distribution of cooperative breeding in birds: is it tightly linked with altriciality?
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Data from: Complete brood failure in an altricial bird is almost always associated with the sudden and permanent disappearance of a parent
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