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406 results for “amniotes”
Fig. 21. A–E in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes
Fig. 21. A–E. Stacked bar diagram of Hovasaurus boulei Piveteau, 1926, digits analysed (1st–5th toe, respectively), arranged by metatarsal size. Each bar represents the metatarsal and phalanx lengths measured in each specimen.
Fig. 22 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes
Fig. 22. Calibrated position of mesosaurs regarding the pattern of growth known for the groups represented. Blue bars represent taxa with isometric growth; purple bars represent those groups where allometric growth is the dominant pattern and grey bars are the groups where we do not have enough information to infer a growth pattern. A. Topology that suggest isometry as the most probable pattern for earliest amniotes. B. Topology that suggest that isometric growth pattern has been independently developed by recumbirostran "microsaurs" and mesosaurs. Simplified phylogenies of basal amniotes were based on hypotheses from Carroll (1995), Berman (2000), Olori (2015), Piñeiro et al. (2015), Liu and Bever (2015), Laurin and Piñeiro (2017), and Pardo et al. (2017). Chronostratigraphy is based on the 2018 Chart of the International Commission on Stratigraphy.
Fig. 17. Hovasaurus boulei Piveteau, 1926 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes
Fig. 17. Hovasaurus boulei Piveteau, 1926, metacarpal and phalanx measurements. A–E. Metacarpal and phalanx lengths measured in each 1st–5th finger. F. Lengths of all fingers normalized by the respective metacarpal length. The number of individuals measured (N) is indicated in the upper corner of each graph. Abbreviations: mc, metacarpals; p1–p5, phalanges.
Fig. 13 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes
Fig. 13. Interpretive drawings of Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865, showing ontogenetic transformation in the tarsus formation in specimens preserving epipodial, mesopodial, and metapodial elements (after Piñeiro et al. 2016). A. FC-DPV 2504. B. AMNH 23799. C. SMF-R 4513-young. D. GP-2E 272. E. AMNH 23795. F. SMF-R 4496. G. SMF-R 4513-older. H. PIMUZ A-III 591. I. MN 4741. J. SMF-R 4934. K. GP-2E 114. L. PF IPL 220011/04 770. M. GP/2E 6519-E. N. GP/2E 6519-A. O. SMF-R 4470. P. SMF-R 4528. Q. GP-2E 657b. R. FC-DPV 2058. S. GP-2E 5740. T. SMF-R 4477. Specimens A, D–I, K, M, O–S were previously analysed by Piñeiro et al. (2016).
Fig. 12 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes
Fig. 12. Interpretive drawings showing variation of the carpus structure through the growth of Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865. A. SMF-R 4485, left (A1) and right (A2) manus of a very immature individual, where just three rounded, featureless bones (intermedium, ulnare, and possible lateral centrale) are present in the carpus. B. MN 7148 showing a more mature carpus and a small possible pisiforme (in red) present close to the ulnare carpal bone. C. MCN-PV 2238A, part (C1) and MCN-PV 2238B, counterpart (C2) of left manus showing the radiale (in blue) close to completing its fusion to the centralia. D. SMF-R 4528, specimen showing the most common carpus structure found in the available materials, where the intermedium and the centralia complex place closer together to finally fuse each other. A small radiale is still present (in blue). E. SMF-R 4710, right (E1) and left (E2) manus of an adult mesosaur with the intermedium and the centralia plus radiale complex yet not fused. A small possible pisiform (in red) is present only in the right manus and absent from the left. F. MNHN AC 1865-77A, right (F1) and left (F2) manus of the type specimen, where an incipient fusion of the intermedium with the centralia plus radial complex can be observed. There seem to be five distal carpals although the fifth is indeed very small. Also, there can be a pisiforme, but the manus in this specimen have been exposed to partial degradation by the action of scavengers that damaged some of the smallest bones. Scale bars 10 mm.
Fig. 9 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes
Fig. 9. Lengths of femora vs. zeugopodia in Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865. Statistical parameters are shown in Fig. 7. Drawings (A–T) represent stages in the tarsal ontogeny of embryonic to adult mesosaurs following Piñeiro et al. (2016), see also Fig. 12. A, FC-DPV 2504; B, AMNH 23799; C, SMF- R4513-young; D, GP-2E 272; E, AMNH 23795; F, SMF-R 4496; G, SMF-R 4513-older; H, SMF-R 4934; I, MN 4741; J, PIMUZ A-III 591; K, GP-2E 114; L, GP/2E 6519-E; N, GP/2E 6519-A; O, SMF-R 4470; P, SMF-R 4528; Q; GP-2E 657b; R, FC-DPV 2058; S, GP-2E 5740; T, SMF-R 4477. Specimens A, D–I, K, M, O–S were previously analysed by Piñeiro et al. (2016).
Fig. 8 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes
Fig. 8. Relationship between the lengths of different forelimb and hindlimb bones (A, metacarpal vs. humerus; B, metacarpal vs. femur; C, humerus vs. femur; D, zeugopodia vs. humerus) of Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865. The respective statistical parameters are provided in Fig. 7. Abbreviations: CI–CV, metacarpals; TI–TV, metatarsals.
Fig. 16. Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes
Fig. 16. Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865, metacarpal and phalanx measurements. A–E. Metacarpal and phalanx lengths measured in each1st–5th finger. Black dashed lines represent the empirical curves pn = ct /(n+1) and red dotted lines represent the empirical curve px = ct /[(n+1)*1.2] for the largest and smallest measured finger, where ct is the length of the metacarpals and pn is the length of the n-th phalanx. F. Lengths are normalized by the respective metacarpal length in all the measured fingers. Black line shows the mean normalized length; black dash-dotted line represent the 2σ interval. Red dotted line represents the empirical curve pn = ct/[(n+1)*1.2]. The number of individuals measured (N) is indicated in the upper corner of each graph. Abbreviations: mc, metacarpals; p1–p5, phalanges.
Fig. 5 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes
Fig. 5. Length vs. width relationships in different forelimb bones bones (A, humerus; B, radius; C, ulna) of Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865. The measured bone and the measurements taken are indicated in the upper left corner of each figure (see Fig. 1). The statistical parameters are indicated in Fig. 4.
Fig. 3 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes
Fig. 3. Relationships found in different regions of the skull of Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865. Snout width (A) and length (B) vs. skull length; squares in B, G–I: skull length minus snout length. Orbit length (C) and PBO-PBS (length between the posterior border of orbit and the posterior border of the skull) (D) vs. skull length. Maximum skull width vs. skull length (E) and orbit length (F). The measured regions are indicated in the upper left corner of each figure; x and y indicate the axis on which the measurement is plotted. G–I. Respective statistical parameters for A–F: coefficient a and its 95% confidence interval (G), correlation coefficient (H), number of samples (I).
Fig. 4 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes
Fig. 4. Resultant parameters from the comparison between length and width of different limb bones of Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865. Coefficient a and its 95% confidence interval (A), correlation coefficient (B), number of measurements/samples (squares) and number of individuals (diamonds) studied (C); colors identify measurements of the same bone. Abbreviations: cw, central width; dw, distal width; l, length; pw, proximal width.
Fig. 1 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes
Fig. 1. Anatomical reconstruction of pes/hindlimb (A) and manus/forelimb (B) in an adult Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865. Colours indicate the identity of the different elements that form the limbs. CL?, lateral centrale? (ontogenetic development of this bone is discussed in detail in the carpus section); I–V, finger/toe numbers. Modified from Piñeiro et al. (2016).
Fig. 2 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes
Fig. 2. Anatomical reconstruction of pes/hindlimb (A) and manus/forelimb (B) in an adult Hovasaurus boulei Piveteau, 1926. Colours indicate the identity of the different elements that form the limbs. I–V, finger/toe number. Based on Currie (1981) and Caldwell (1997).
Fig. 7 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes
Fig. 7. Resultant parameters from comparison between the length of different limb bones of Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865. Coefficient a and its 95% confidence interval (A), correlation coefficient (B), number of measurements/samples (squares) and number of individuals (diamonds) studied (C); colors identify measurements of the same bone. Abbreviations: As, astragalus; CI–CV, metacarpals, Fe, femur; Fi, fibula; Hu, humerus; Ra, radius; Ti, tibia; TI–TV, metatarsals; Ul, ulna.
Fig. 19. Hovasaurus boulei Piveteau, 1926 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes
Fig. 19. Hovasaurus boulei Piveteau, 1926, metatarsal and phalanx measurements. A–E. Metatarsal and phalanx lengths measured in each 1st–5th toe. F. Length after being normalized by the metatarsal length for all the measured toes. The number of individuals measured (N) is indicated in the upper corner of each graph. Abbreviations: mt, metatarsals; p1–p5, phalanges.
Fig. 15 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes
Fig. 15. Metacarpal length measured in each manus (A, B) and pes (C, D) of Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865 (A, C) and Hovasaurus boulei Piveteau, 1926 (B, D). Each line represents the hand or foot of one specimen. Number of samples (N) is shown in each figure. Black dashed line represents the empirical proportions followed for the mesosaur metatarsals: mt(n) = mt(1) + n/4 where mt(1) is the measure of the metatarsal I. Metapodium is represented in the upper left corner of each figure (see Figs. 1, 2). Abbreviations: CI–CV, metacarpals; TI–TV, metatarsals.
Fig. 18. Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes
Fig. 18. Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865, metatarsal and phalanx measurements. A–E. Metatarsal and phalanx lengths measured in each 1st–5th toe. Black dashed line represents the empirical curves pn = mt/(n+1) and red dotted lines represent the empirical curve pn = mt/[(n+1)*1.2] for the largest and smallest measured toe, where mt is the length of the metatarsal and pn is the length of the n-th phalanx. F. Lengths are normalized by the metatarsal length for all the measured toes. Black line shows the mean normalized length, black dash-dotted lines represent the 2σ interval. Red dotted line represents the empirical curve pn = mt/[(n+1)*1.2]. The number of individuals measured (N) is indicated in the upper corner of each graph. Abbreviations: mt, metatarsals; p1–p5, phalanges.
Fig. 20. A–E in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes
Fig. 20. A–E. Stacked bar diagram of Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865, digits analysed (1st–5th toe, respectively), arranged by metatarsal size. Each bar represents the metatarsal and phalanx lengths measured in each specimen. First specimen in the plots is the unborn mesosaur specimen (FC-DPV 2504, Piñeiro et al. 2012a).
Fig. 10 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes
Fig. 10. Relationships between length of selected skeleton parts of Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865. A. Relationships between vertebral mean length vs. skull length. Drawings (B, C, H, J, L, M, N, P) represent ontogenic stages of the specimens following Piñeiro et al. (2016); lettering consistent with Fig. 9, see also Fig. 12. B, AMNH 23799; C, SMF-R4513-young; H, SMF-R 4934; J, PIMUZ A-III 591; L, GP/2E 6519-E; M, PF IPL 220011/04 770; N, GP/2E 6519- A; P, SMF-R 4528. Specimens H, M, P were previously analysed by Piñeiro et al. (2016). 95% confidence interval is shown in each plot. B. Relationships between vertebral mean length vs. femur length with its 3σ interval. C. Relationships between skull length vs. stylopodium (zeugopodial) length.
Fig. 11 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes
Fig. 11. Structure of the carpus of Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865, in presumed subadult and adult specimens from Iratí Formation, Paraná, Brazil,? lower Permian (A–C) and Griquas region of southern Africa,?lower Permian (D). A, B. Manus of sub-adult SMF-R 4492 (A) and young adult SMF-R 4528 (B). In B five bones can be seen in the proximal carpal series, including a small ossified radiale close to the lateral centrale. Four bones (and perhaps an incipiently ossified very small dc5) are preserved in the distal series. C. Manus of SMF-R 4710, right (C1, C2) and left (C3, C4), a more mature specimen, →
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