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Fig. 9 in Functional Significance Of Anatomical Accommodation In The Skull Of Common Hoopoe, Upupa Epops (Bucerotiforme Upupidae)

Fig. 9. Cranial osteometric characters of common hoopoe Upupa epops; (A) illustrate the ratio ofwidth of brain case, temporal fossa and Frontal region; (B, E, F) illustrate the ratio between the bony elements of lower jaw and its mandibular symphysis; (c, d) illustrate the ratio between the bony elements of upper jaw. Abbreviations: W.Bc, Width of Brain Case; W.Ft, Width of Temporal Fossa; W.F, Width of Frontal; L.Lj, Length of Lower Jaw; D.Sym.L.J, Dorsal Mandibular Symphasis; V.Sym.L.J, Ventral Mandibular Symphasis; L.Uj, Length of Upper Jaw; L.N, Length of Nasal Bone; Cn, Length of Nasal Cavity; Art, Length of Articular; RA, length of Rearticular process. Means in mm, N = 10.

Fig. 8 in Functional Significance Of Anatomical Accommodation In The Skull Of Common Hoopoe, Upupa Epops (Bucerotiforme Upupidae)

Fig. 8. Cranial osteometric characters of common hoopoe Upupa epops illustrate the ratio between the total length of skull, brain case and other bony elements of studied species. Abbreviations: L.skull, Length of Skull; L.Lj, Length of Lower Jaw; L.Uj, Length of Upper Jaw; L.J, Length of Jugal Bar; L.Bc, Length of Brain Case; L.Ft, Length of temporal Fossa; L.Z, Length of Zygomatic Process; Po, Length of Postorbital Process; L.Pt, Length of Pterygoid; L.F, Length of Frontal. Means in mm, N = 10.

Fig. 2 in Functional Significance Of Anatomical Accommodation In The Skull Of Common Hoopoe, Upupa Epops (Bucerotiforme Upupidae)

Fig. 2. Lateral view of the skull and mandible of common hoopoe Upupa ep; A, B — shows the temporal region and their crests; superior temporal crest (arrow) and anterior temporal crest (double arrows); C — hotomacrograph of the lateral surface of skull of common hoopoe stained with Alizarin red stain showing presence of great air spaces within temporal region (pneumatization) (arrow) and postorbital ligament (arrowhead). Scale bar 5 mm. See the list of anatomical abbreviations.

Fig. 1. A, B in Functional Significance Of Anatomical Accommodation In The Skull Of Common Hoopoe, Upupa Epops (Bucerotiforme Upupidae)

Fig. 1. A, B — lateral view, C — dorsal view of the skull and mandible of common hoopoe Upupa epops illustrating the bony elements and some osteometric measurements were taken in this study. In addition B, C — shows nasofrontal flexion zone (double arrows) and naso-lacrimal suture (arrow); D — photomacrograph of the dorsal surface of mandible of common hoopoe illustrate the different forces (compression and tension) resulting during contraction of pterygoideus muscle (Fpt). Scale bar 5 mm. See the list of anatomical abbreviations.

Fig. 5 in Functional Significance Of Anatomical Accommodation In The Skull Of Common Hoopoe, Upupa Epops (Bucerotiforme Upupidae)

Fig. 5. Scanning electromicrograph of the skull of common hoopoe Upupa epops showing different positions of flexion zones between bony elements of brain case and upper jaw; Nasofrontal zone (double arrows), nasolacrimal zone (arrow) and third flexion zone (arrow head) which appears between the upper jaw (Uj) and Jugal bar (J).). Scale bar 1 mm, 500 mm. See the list of anatomical abbreviations.

Fig. 7 in Functional Significance Of Anatomical Accommodation In The Skull Of Common Hoopoe, Upupa Epops (Bucerotiforme Upupidae)

Fig. 7. Posterior portion of the mandible of common hoopoe Upupa epops (A, C — dorsal view, B, D — ventral view) illustrating the shape of their cotylae and processes. Scale bar 5 mm. See the list of anatomical abbreviation.

Fig. 4 in Functional Significance Of Anatomical Accommodation In The Skull Of Common Hoopoe, Upupa Epops (Bucerotiforme Upupidae)

Fig. 4. Ventral view of the skull of common hoopoe Upupa epops: A, B — shows location of the jaw ligamentous system; C, D — photomacrograph of the lateral surface of skull and mandible of common hoopoe stained with Alizarin red stain showing small oval sesamoid bone (arrowhead) appears within Lig. Jugomandibualaris medialis (Lig. Jml) and other sesamoid bones are observed within the tendon of adductor muscle (arrow). Scale bar 5 mm. See the list of anatomical abbreviations.

Fig. 3 in Functional Significance Of Anatomical Accommodation In The Skull Of Common Hoopoe, Upupa Epops (Bucerotiforme Upupidae)

Fig. 3. Ventral view of the skull of common hoopoe Upupa epops: A, B — shows bony elements of floor of brain case beside reveal the articulation site between pterygoid with palate bone (double arrows) and pterygoid with quadrate (black arrow), and appearance of rudiment of aponeurosis of M. pterygoideus (white arrow) which connected tightly with lateral crest of palate; C — photomacrograph of the ventral surface of skull of common hoopoe stained with Alizarin red stain showing the ventral fossa of pars lateralis (Fv) gives faint red color while dense red color appear on the lateral crest of palate (Lc). Scale bar 5 mm. See the list of anatomical abbreviations.

Figure 6. A in The first report of Champsosaurus lindoei (Choristodera: Champsosauridae) from the Campanian of the United States: anatomical, phylogenetic, and palaeoecological significance

Figure 6. A, Strict consensus tree of four most parsimonious trees. Bremer supports are to the left of nodes and bootstrap values over 50% are to the right of nodes. B, Time-scaled 50% majority rule consensus tree of Neochoristodera. Taxon occurrence ranges are from Gao and Fox (1998) and Matsumoto et al. (2013), and divergence times are approximated from Brownstein (2022). Black boxes represent approximate occurrence ranges of each taxon. Node labels: A, Choristodera; B, 'Allochoristodera'; C, Monjurosuchidae; D, Hyphalosauridae; E, Neochoristodera; F, Champsosauridae. Abbreviations: As, Asia; Eu, Europe; NA, North America.

Figure 5. ROM 50000 in The first report of Champsosaurus lindoei (Choristodera: Champsosauridae) from the Campanian of the United States: anatomical, phylogenetic, and palaeoecological significance

Figure 5. ROM 50000 pelvic girdle and hindlimbs (A), right pes (B), and left pes (C). Abbreviations: as, astragalus; c, calcaneum; mt, metatarsal; t, tarsal; I1 through V2 indicate phalanx-digit position.

Figure 4. ROM 50000 in The first report of Champsosaurus lindoei (Choristodera: Champsosauridae) from the Campanian of the United States: anatomical, phylogenetic, and palaeoecological significance

Figure 4. ROM 50000 pectoral girdle (A), left forelimb (B), and integumentary impressions (C, D). Abbreviations: c, carpals; mc, metacarpal; ra, radius; ul, ulna; I1 through V3 indicate phalanx-digit position.

Figure 2 in The first report of Champsosaurus lindoei (Choristodera: Champsosauridae) from the Campanian of the United States: anatomical, phylogenetic, and palaeoecological significance

Figure 2. Image (A) and line drawing (B) of ROM 50000, from the Two Medicine Formation of Pondera County, Montana, USA. Specimen is preserved in ventral view, with the skull flipped to dorsal view for display. Abbreviations: c, caudal vertebra; ce, cervical; ch, chevron; cl, clavicle; co, coricoid; cr, caudal rib; d, dorsal vertebra; fe, femur; fi, fibula; gb, gastralial basket; gc?, potential gut contents; hu, humerus; ic, interclavicle; il, ilium; is, ischium; ma, manus; n, neural arch; pe, pes; pu, pubis; r, rib; s, sacral vertebra; sc, scapula; si, skin impressions; sk, skull; sr, sacral rib; ti, tibia.

Figure 1 in The first report of Champsosaurus lindoei (Choristodera: Champsosauridae) from the Campanian of the United States: anatomical, phylogenetic, and palaeoecological significance

Figure 1. Map of western Canada and the United States with Campanian Champsosaurus localities. Abbreviations: AB, Alberta; MT, Montana; ND, North Dakota; SD, South Dakota; SK, Saskatchewan; WY, Wyoming. Campanian and Maastrichtian holotype localities are labelled. Champsosaurus localities are entries in the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org/#/). Map constructed using SimpleMappr (https://www.simplemappr.net/#tabs=0).

Figure 3 in The first report of Champsosaurus lindoei (Choristodera: Champsosauridae) from the Campanian of the United States: anatomical, phylogenetic, and palaeoecological significance

Figure 3. Image (A) and line drawing (B) of the skull of ROM 50000 in dorsal view. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; c, coronoid; d, dentary; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; ju, jugal; la, lacrimal; ma, maxilla; na, nasal; ne, neomorph; pa, parietal; pm, premaxilla; pof, postfrontal; por, postorbital; pqf, pterygoquadrate foramen; pr, prootic; prf, prefrontal; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal.

FIGURE 12 in Morpho-anatomical and palynotaxonomic study of the genus Onobrychis Miller (Hedysareae-Fabaceae) in Pakistan, and its systematic significance

FIGURE 12. Comparative transverse sections of peduncle in Onobrychis species: (A) O. cornuta, (B) O. dealbata, (C) O. laxiflora, (D) O. micrantha, (E) O. stewartii, (F) O. tavernierifolia. Acronyms: ep—epidermis, tr—trichomes, cl—collenchyma, sb—subsidiary bundles, co—cortex, in—inner cortex, pc—pericycle, ph—phloem parenchyma, xy—xylem parenchyma, xys—xylem sclerenchyma, pi—pith.

FIGURE 16 in Morpho-anatomical and palynotaxonomic study of the genus Onobrychis Miller (Hedysareae-Fabaceae) in Pakistan, and its systematic significance

FIGURE 16. Principal component analysis (PCA) plot for examined Onobrychis taxa based on pollen quantative characters (according to Table 3).

FIGURE 4 in Morpho-anatomical and palynotaxonomic study of the genus Onobrychis Miller (Hedysareae-Fabaceae) in Pakistan, and its systematic significance

FIGURE 4. Comparative illustrations of stipules in Onobrychis species: (A) O. cornuta, (B) O. dealbata, (C) O. laxiflora, (D) O. micrantha, (E) O. stewartii, (F) O. tavernierifolia (scale bar according to Table 2).

FIGURE 8 in Morpho-anatomical and palynotaxonomic study of the genus Onobrychis Miller (Hedysareae-Fabaceae) in Pakistan, and its systematic significance

FIGURE 8. Comparative illustrations of legume in Onobrychis species: (A) O. dealbata, (B–C) O. laxiflora, (D) O. micrantha, (E) O. stewartii, (F) O. tavernierifolia (scale bar according to Table 2).

FIGURE 17 in Morpho-anatomical and palynotaxonomic study of the genus Onobrychis Miller (Hedysareae-Fabaceae) in Pakistan, and its systematic significance

FIGURE 17. UPGMA cladistic tree of Onobrychis taxa based on pollen quantative characters (according to Table 3).

FIGURE 10 in Morpho-anatomical and palynotaxonomic study of the genus Onobrychis Miller (Hedysareae-Fabaceae) in Pakistan, and its systematic significance

FIGURE 10. Comparative transverse sections of stem in Onobrychis species: (A) O. cornuta, (B) O. dealbata, (C) O. laxiflora, (D) O. micrantha, (E) O. stewartii, (F) O. tavernierifolia. Acronyms: ep—epidermis, tr—trichomes, cl—collenchyma, co—cortex parenchyma, sc—sclerenchymatous tissue, ca—cambium, ph—phloem, phs—phleom sclerenchyma, xy—xylem cells, xyp—xylem parenchyma, xys—xylem sclerenchyma, pc—pith cavity, pi—pith.