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24 results for “anemonefish”
Effect of social context on behaviour in anemonefish hierarchies
<p>Animal social groups can be organized in hierarchies where individual status determines privileges within the group, and stability is maintained through conflict (aggression-submission) and cooperation. Aggression, submission, and cooperation are not homogeneous among group members and are influenced by social context and associated trade-offs. However, studies of rank-specific behaviours are rare which limits our understanding of these patterns. Here, we performed rank ascension experiments using 15 groups of <em>Amphiprion clarkii</em>, a relatively mobile anemonefish, to assess rank-specific behaviour related to social context. We showed that: promoted ranks increased cooperation rates compared to non-promoted ranks to fulfil the tasks associated with their new status within the group; group size had no effect on group cooperation rates and subordinates did not increase cooperation after group size reduction; and frequency of one-on-one agonistic encounters within the group was asymmetric and higher for lower ranks. Thus, subordinates modulate rates of cooperative behaviour according to their status, irrespective of their body size or group size, and experience more conflict than dominants as they attempt to maintain their position in the hierarchy and avoid eviction. We provide evidence that social context in the form of rank has an important effect on individual behaviour and appears to be the key driver of cooperation and within-group conflict.</p>
Ultraviolet vision in anemonefish improves color discrimination
<p><span>In many animals, ultraviolet (UV) vision guides navigation, foraging, and communication, but few studies have addressed the contribution of UV vision to color discrimination, or behaviorally assessed UV discrimination thresholds. Here, we tested UV-color vision in an anemonefish (<em>Amphiprion</em> <em>ocellaris</em>) using a novel five-channel (RGB-V-UV) LED display designed to test UV perception. We first determined that the maximal sensitivity of the <em>A</em>. <em>ocellaris</em> UV cone was at ~386 nm using microspectrophotometry. Three additional cone spectral sensitivities had maxima at ~497, 515, and ~535 nm, which together informed the modelling of the fish's color vision. Anemonefish behavioral discrimination thresholds for nine sets of colors were determined from their ability to distinguish a colored target pixel from grey distractor pixels of varying intensity. We found that <em>A</em>. <em>ocellaris</em> used all four cones to process color information and is therefore tetrachromatic, and fish were better at discriminating colors (i.e., color discrimination thresholds were lower, or more acute) when targets had UV chromatic contrast elicited by greater stimulation of the UV cone relative to other cone types. These findings imply that a UV component of color signals and cues improves their detectability, which likely increases the salience of anemonefish body patterns used in communication and the silhouette of zooplankton prey.</span></p>
Ultraviolet vision in anemonefish improves color discrimination
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Higher ultraviolet skin reflectance signals submissiveness in the anemonefish, Amphiprion akindynos
<p>Ultraviolet (UV) vision is widespread among teleost fishes, of which many exhibit UV skin colours for communication. However, aside from its role in mate selection, few studies have examined the information UV-signalling conveys in other socio-behavioural contexts. Anemonefishes (subfamily, Amphiprioninae) live in a fascinating dominance hierarchy, in which a large female and male dominate over non-breeding subordinates, and body size is the primary cue for dominance. The iconic orange and white bars of anemonefishes are highly UV-reflective, and their colour vision is well-tuned to perceive the chromatic contrast of skin, which we show here decreases in the amount of UV-reflectance with increasing social rank. To test the function of their UV-skin signals, we compared the outcomes of staged contests over dominance between size-matched Barrier Reef anemonefish (<em>Amphiprion akindynos</em>) in aquarium chambers viewed under different UV-absorbing filters. Fish under UV-blocking filters were more likely to win contests, whereas fish under no-filter or neutral-density filter were more likely to submit. For contests between fish in no-filter and neutral density filter treatments, light treatment had no effect on contest outcome (win/lose). We also show that sub-adults were more aggressive towards smaller juveniles placed under a UV filter than a neutral density filter. Taken together, our results show that UV-reflectance or -contrast in anemonefish can modulate aggression and encode dominant and submissive cues when changes in overall intensity are controlled for.</p>
Negotiations Over Parental Care: A Test of Alternative Hypotheses in the Clown Anemonefish
<p>In species with biparental care, conflict arises over how much each parent provides to their offspring because both parents benefit from shifting the burden of care to the other. Here, we tested alternative hypotheses for how parents will negotiate offspring care using a wild population of clownfish (Amphiprion percula). We experimentally handicapped parents by fin-clipping the female in 23 groups, the male in 23 groups, and neither parent in 23 groups and measured changes in indicators of female, male, and pair effort in response to handicapping. First, we found that handicapping resulted in a decrease in the number of eggs laid by fin-clipped females and a decrease in the amount of parental care by fin-clipped males. Second, contrary to predictions, female effort did not change in response to the male being handicapped, or vice versa. Finally, the number of embryos that matured to hatching, an indicator of pair effort, was not influenced by the manipulation, suggesting that although the handicap was effective, clownfish do not face the predicted "cost to conflict" when one parent is handicapped. Together, these results test the generality of theoretical predictions and uncover novel questions about whether and how negotiations operate in systems where interests are aligned.</p>
No evidence for kin selection as an explanation for social group formation in clown anemonefish
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Negotiations Over Parental Care: A Test of Alternative Hypotheses in the Clown Anemonefish
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Higher ultraviolet skin reflectance signals submissiveness in the anemonefish, Amphiprion akindynos
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Negotiations over offspring care: a test of alternative hypotheses in the clown anemonefish
<p>In species with biparental care, conflict arises over how much each parent provides to their offspring because both benefit from shifting the burden of care to the other. Here, we tested alternative models for how parents negotiate offspring care using a wild population of clownfish (<i>Amphiprion percula</i>). Using 60 breeding groups, we experimentally handicapped parents by fin-clipping the female in 20 groups, the male in 20 groups, and neither parent in 20 groups and measured changes in female, male, and pair combined effort in response to handicapping. First, we found that handicapping resulted in a decrease in the number of eggs laid by fin-clipped females and a decrease in the amount of parental care by fin-clipped males. Second, contrary to predictions, female effort did not change in response to the male being handicapped, or vice versa. Finally, the number of embryos that matured to hatching, an indicator of pair effort, was not influenced by the manipulation, suggesting that although the handicap was effective, clownfish do not face the predicted "cost to conflict" when one parent is handicapped. Together, these results question the generality of current theoretical predictions and expand our understanding of the diverse possible outcomes of parental conflict.</p>
Data from: Cascading effects of thermally-induced anemone bleaching on associated anemonefish hormonal stress response and reproduction
Organisms can behaviorally, physiologically, and morphologically adjust to environmental variation via integrative hormonal mechanisms, ultimately allowing animals to cope with environmental change. The stress response to environmental and social changes commonly promotes survival at the expense of reproduction. However, despite climate change impacts on population declines and diversity loss, few studies have attributed hormonal stress responses, or their regulatory effects, to climate change in the wild. Here, we report hormonal and fitness responses of individual wild fish to a recent large-scale sea warming event that caused widespread bleaching on coral reefs. This 14-month monitoring study shows a strong correlation between anemone bleaching (zooxanthellae loss), anemonefish stress response, and reproductive hormones that decreased fecundity by 73%. These findings suggest that hormone stress responses play a crucial role in changes to population demography following climate change and plasticity in hormonal responsiveness may be a key mechanism enabling individual acclimation to climate change.
Data from: Seascape genetics along environmental gradients in the Arabian Peninsula: insights from ddRAD sequencing of anemonefishes
Understanding the processes that shape patterns of genetic structure across space is a central aim of landscape genetics. However, it remains unclear how geographic features and environmental variables shape gene flow, particularly for marine species in large complex seascapes. Here, we evaluated the genomic composition of the two-band anemonefish Amphiprion bicinctus across its entire geographic range in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, as well as its close relative, Amphiprion omanensis endemic to the southern coast of Oman. Both the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea are complex and environmentally heterogeneous marine systems that provide an ideal scenario to address these questions. Our findings confirm the presence of two genetic clusters previously reported for A. bicinctus in the Red Sea. Genetic structure analyses suggest a complex seascape configuration, with evidence of both Isolation by Distance (IBD) and Isolation by Environment (IBE). In addition to IBD and IBE, genetic structure among sites was best explained when two barriers to gene flow were also accounted for. One of these coincides with a strong oligotrophic-eutrophic gradient at around 16-20˚N in the Red Sea. The other agrees with an historical bathymetric barrier at the straight of Bab al Mandab. Finally, these data support the presence of inter-specific hybrids at an intermediate suture zone at Socotra and indicate complex patterns of genomic admixture in the Gulf of Aden with evidence of introgression between species. Our findings highlight the power of recent genomic approaches to resolve subtle patterns of gene flow in marine seascapes.
Reef fishes can recognize bleached habitat during settlement: sea anemone bleaching alters anemonefish host selection
<p>Dataset accompanies: Scott A, Dixson DL (2016) Reef fishes can recognise degraded habitat during settlement: sea anemone bleaching alters anemonefish host selection. Proceedings the Royal Society B 283: 20152694, http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2694</p>
Anemonefish facilitate bleaching recovery in host sea anemones
<p>Dataset accompanies the publication 'Anemonefish facilitate bleaching recovery in host sea anemones'</p>
Data from: The role of marine reserves in the replenishment of a locally-impacted population of anemonefish on the Great Barrier Reef
The development of parentage analysis to track the dispersal of juvenile offspring has given us unprecedented insight into the population dynamics of coral reef fishes. These tools now have the potential to inform fisheries management and species conservation, particularly for small fragmented populations under threat from exploitation and disturbance. In this study we resolve patterns of larval dispersal for a population of the anemonefish Amphiprion melanopus in the Keppel Islands (southern Great Barrier Reef). Habitat loss and fishing appear to have impacted this population and a network of no-take marine reserves currently protects 75% of the potential breeders. Using parentage analysis, we estimate that 21% of recruitment in the island group was generated locally, and that breeding adults living in reserves were responsible for 79% (31 out of 39) of these of locally-produced juveniles. Overall, the network of reserves was fully connected via larval dispersal; however one reserve was identified as a critical source of larvae for the island group. The population in the Keppel Islands also appears to be well-connected to other source populations at least 60 km away, given that 79% (145 out of 184) of the juveniles sampled remained unassigned in the parentage analysis. We estimated the effective size of the A. melanopus metapopulation to be 745 (582-993 95% CI) and recommend continued monitoring of its genetic status. Maintaining connectivity with populations beyond the Keppel Islands and recovery of local recruitment habitat, potentially through active restoration of host anemone populations, will be important for its long-term persistence.
Date for: The chromosome-scale genome assembly of the yellowtail clownfish Amphiprion clarkii provides insights into melanic pigmentation of anemonefish
<p><span>Anemonefish are an emerging group of model organisms due to interesting biological traits such as sequential hermaphroditism, social control of size, symbiosis with anemones, and varying pigmentation patterns. In addition to genus-specific traits, the anemonefish <em>Amphiprion</em> <em>clarkii</em> possesses species-specific characteristics such as interspecies co-habitation, high intraspecies color variation, no anemone specificity, and a broad distribution, that have the potential to further our understanding of anemonefish evolutionary history, behavioral strategies, fish-anemone symbiosis, and color pattern evolution. However, despite its position as an emerging model species, the genome of <em>A. clarkii </em>is yet to be published. Here, using PacBio long-read, Illumina short-read and Hi-C chromatin capture technology we generated a high-quality chromosome-scale genome for the anemonefish <em>A. clarkii</em>. The initial assembly consisted of 1840 contigs with an N50 of 1,203,211 bp. These contigs were successfully anchored into 24 chromosomes of 843,582,782 bp and then annotated with 25,050 </span>protein-coding gene models. With the chromosome-scale assembly encompassing 98.7% of conserved actinopterygian genes and the annotation containing 97.0%, the quality and completeness of this <em>A. clarkii</em> genome is the highest amongst all published anemonefish genomes. The publication of this high-quality genome, along with <em>A. clarkii'</em>s many unique traits, position this species as an ideal model organism for addressing scientific questions across a range of disciplines.</p>
Data from: Cascading effects of thermally-induced anemone bleaching on associated anemonefish hormonal stress response and reproduction
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Data from: The role of marine reserves in the replenishment of a locally-impacted population of anemonefish on the Great Barrier Reef
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Date for: The chromosome-scale genome assembly of the yellowtail clownfish Amphiprion clarkii provides insights into melanic pigmentation of anemonefish
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Negotiations over offspring care: a test of alternative hypotheses in the clown anemonefish
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Data from: Seascape genetics along environmental gradients in the Arabian Peninsula: insights from ddRAD sequencing of anemonefishes
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