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12 results for “animal colouration”
Data from: Global geographic patterns in the colours and sizes of animal‐dispersed fruits
Aim. Fruit colours attract animal seed dispersers, yet the causes of fruit colour diversity remain controversial. The lack of knowledge of large-scale spatial patterns in fruit colours has limited our ability to formulate and test alternative hypotheses to explain fruit colour, fruit size, and fruit colour diversity. We describe spatial (especially latitudinal) variation in fruit colour, colour diversity, and length, and test for correlations between fruit colour, length, and plant habit. Location. Global. Time period. Present-day. Major taxa studied. Seed plants. Methods. We assembled a database of fruit traits for 13,178 fleshy-fruited plant species spanning 136 sites around the world. To assess whether fruit colour categories correspond with spectral reflectances, we tested for clustering of hue, chroma, and saturation for 236 species for which we had reflectance data. We then quantified latitudinal gradients in fruit colour, fruit length, and fruit colour diversity while controlling for the effects of plant habit, and whether colour categories varied with respect to average fruit size. Results. Colour categories corresponded well with reflectance data. The tropics show high colour diversity, while red fruits progressively constitute a higher proportion of the fleshy-fruited plant community towards high latitudes. All mammal-associated colours (green, orange, brown, and yellow) are more common in the tropics than at high latitudes. Fruit length also increases towards the tropics. Main conclusions. Tropical communities tend to have diverse fruit colours, including many mammal-associated fruit colours, while high latitude communities contain a higher percentage of red-fruited species. The correlation between colour and size is strong, and some latitudinal patterns may be partly driven by changes in fruit size. Differences in geography and in the history of plant lineages in the southern versus the northern hemisphere may help to explain some biogeographic patterns, but alternative hypotheses related to fruit defence, development, and metabolic costs are plausible.
Data from: Global geographic patterns in the colours and sizes of animal‐dispersed fruits
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Figure 25. Living animals. A in Reading between the lines: revealing cryptic species diversity and colour patterns in Hypselodoris nudibranchs (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Chromodorididae)
Figure 25. Living animals. A, Hypselodoris rositoi Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., holotype, NMP 041283, Tingloy, Batangas, Philippines. B, H. rositoi Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., specimen from Albatross Expedition, illustrated by Kumataro Ito. C, Hypselodoris variobranchia Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., paratype, CASIZ 177618, Tingloy, Batangas, Philippines. D, H. variobranchia Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., holotype, NMP 041285, Puerto Galera, Mindoro Oriental, Philippines. E, H. variobranchia Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., paratype, CASIZ 208189, Puerto Galera, Mindoro Oriental, Philippines. F, H. variobranchia Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., paratype, CASIZ 212273, Mabini, Batangas, Philippines. G, Hypselodoris violacea Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., paratype, CASIZ 071286, Manu Manu Island, Palawan, Batangas, Philippines. H, H. violacea Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., holotype, NMP 041286, Busuanga, Palawan, Philippines.
Figure 18. Living animals. A in Reading between the lines: revealing cryptic species diversity and colour patterns in Hypselodoris nudibranchs (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Chromodorididae)
Figure 18. Living animals. A, Hypselodoris lacuna Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., paratype, CASIZ 177617, Tingloy, Batangas, Philippines. B, H. lacuna Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., paratype, CASIZ 208188, Puerto Galera, Mindoro Oriental, Philippines. C, H. lacuna Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., paratype, CASIZ 217345, Tingloy, Batangas, Philippines. D, H. lacuna Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., paratype, CASIZ 208652, Puerto Galera, Mindoro Oriental, Philippines. E, Hypselodoris melanesica Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., paratype, CASIZ 190823, Madang, Papua New Guinea. F, Hypselodoris paradisa Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., holotype, CASIZ 191464, Madang, Papua New Guinea, photograph by Vanessa Knutson. G, Hypselodoris perii Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., NMP 041281, Mabini, Batangas, Philippines. H, Hypselodoris roo Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., paratype, CASIZ 204801, Puerto Galera, Mindoro Oriental, Philippines. I, H. roo Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., CASIZ 208193, paratype, Puerto Galera, Mindoro Oriental, Philippines. J, H. roo Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., paratype, CASIZ 186098, Mabini, Tingloy, Philippines.
Figure 1. Living animals. A in Reading between the lines: revealing cryptic species diversity and colour patterns in Hypselodoris nudibranchs (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Chromodorididae)
Figure 1. Living animals. A, Hypselodoris alburtuqali Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., CASIZ 192295, holotype, Saudi Arabia. B, Hypselodoris brycei Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., WAM S96082, holotype, Montebello Islands, Western Australia, photograph by Nerida Wilson. C, Hypselodoris cerisae Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., specimen from Hachijo Island, Japan, Nishina Masayoshi. D, Hypselodoris confetti Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., CASIZ 191070, Papua New Guinea, photograph by J. Goodheart. E, Hypseldoris ghardaqana (Gohar & Abu-Ela, 1957), CASIZ 192282, Saudi Arabia. F, Hypselodoris juniperae Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., CASIZ 177550, Radama Islands, Madagascar. G, Hypselodoris katherinae Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., CASIZ 176773, eastern Peninsular Malaysia. H, H. katherinae Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., CASIZ 177532, Batangas, Luzon, Philippines. I, H. katherinae Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., CASIZ 181300, Batangas, Luzon, Philippines. All photographs by T. Gosliner unless otherwise indicated.
Figure 18. Living animals. A in Reading between the lines: revealing cryptic species diversity and colour patterns in Hypselodoris nudibranchs (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Chromodorididae)
Figure 18. Living animals. A, Hypselodoris lacuna Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., paratype, CASIZ 177617, Tingloy, Batangas, Philippines. B, H. lacuna Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., paratype, CASIZ 208188, Puerto Galera, Mindoro Oriental, Philippines. C, H. lacuna Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., paratype, CASIZ 217345, Tingloy, Batangas, Philippines. D, H. lacuna Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., paratype, CASIZ 208652, Puerto Galera, Mindoro Oriental, Philippines. E, Hypselodoris melanesica Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., paratype, CASIZ 190823, Madang, Papua New Guinea. F, Hypselodoris paradisa Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., holotype, CASIZ 191464, Madang, Papua New Guinea, photograph by Vanessa Knutson. G, Hypselodoris perii Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., NMP 041281, Mabini, Batangas, Philippines. H, Hypselodoris roo Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., paratype, CASIZ 204801, Puerto Galera, Mindoro Oriental, Philippines. I, H. roo Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., CASIZ 208193, paratype, Puerto Galera, Mindoro Oriental, Philippines. J, H. roo Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., paratype, CASIZ 186098, Mabini, Tingloy, Philippines.
Figure 1. Living animals. A in Reading between the lines: revealing cryptic species diversity and colour patterns in Hypselodoris nudibranchs (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Chromodorididae)
Figure 1. Living animals. A, Hypselodoris alburtuqali Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., CASIZ 192295, holotype, Saudi Arabia. B, Hypselodoris brycei Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., WAM S96082, holotype, Montebello Islands, Western Australia, photograph by Nerida Wilson. C, Hypselodoris cerisae Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., specimen from Hachijo Island, Japan, Nishina Masayoshi. D, Hypselodoris confetti Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., CASIZ 191070, Papua New Guinea, photograph by J. Goodheart. E, Hypseldoris ghardaqana (Gohar & Abu-Ela, 1957), CASIZ 192282, Saudi Arabia. F, Hypselodoris juniperae Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., CASIZ 177550, Radama Islands, Madagascar. G, Hypselodoris katherinae Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., CASIZ 176773, eastern Peninsular Malaysia. H, H. katherinae Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., CASIZ 177532, Batangas, Luzon, Philippines. I, H. katherinae Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., CASIZ 181300, Batangas, Luzon, Philippines. All photographs by T. Gosliner unless otherwise indicated.
Data from: Image Calibration and Analysis Toolbox – a free software suite for measuring reflectance, colour, and pattern objectively and to animal vision
1. Quantitative measurements of colour, pattern, and morphology are vital to a growing range of disciplines. Digital cameras are readily available and already widely used for making these measurements, having numerous advantages over other techniques, such as spectrometry. However, off-the-shelf consumer cameras are designed to produce images for human viewing, meaning that their uncalibrated photographs cannot be used for making reliable, quantitative measurements. Many studies still fail to appreciate this, and of those scientists who are aware of such issues, many are hindered by a lack usable tools for making objective measurements from photographs. 2. We have developed an image processing toolbox that generates images that are linear with respect to radiance from the RAW files of numerous camera brands, and can combine image channels from multispectral cameras, including additional ultraviolet photographs. Images are then normalised using one or more grey standards to control for lighting conditions. This enables objective measures of reflectance and colour using a wide range of consumer cameras. Furthermore, if the camera's spectral sensitivities are known, the software can convert images to correspond to the visual system (cone-catch values) of a wide range of animals, enabling human and non-human visual systems to be modelled. The toolbox also provides image analysis tools that can extract luminance (lightness), colour, and pattern information. Furthermore, all processing is performed on 32-bit floating point images rather than commonly used 8-bit images. This increases precision and reduces the likelihood of data loss through rounding error or saturation of pixels, while also facilitating the measurement of objects with shiny or fluorescent properties. 3. All cameras tested using this software were found to demonstrate a linear response within each image and across a range of exposure times. Cone-catch mapping functions were highly robust, converting images to several animal visual systems and yielding data that agreed closely with spectrometer-based estimates. 4. Our imaging toolbox is freely available as an addition to the open source ImageJ software. We believe that it will considerably enhance the appropriate use of digital cameras across multiple areas of biology, in particular researchers aiming to quantify animal and plant visual signals.
Data from: An Ishihara-style test of animal colour vision
Colour vision mediates ecologically relevant tasks for many animals, such as mate choice, foraging and predator avoidance. However, our understanding of animal colour perception is largely derived from human psychophysics, even though animal visual systems differ from our own. Behavioural tests of non-human animals are required to understand how colour signals are perceived by them. Here we introduce a novel test of colour vision in animals inspired by the Ishihara colour charts, which are widely used to identify human colour deficiencies. These charts consist of dots that vary in colour, brightness and size, and are designed so that a numeral or letter is distinguishable from distractor dots for humans with normal colour vision. In our method, distractor dots have a fixed chromaticity (hue and saturation) but vary in luminance. Animals can be trained to find single target dots that differ from distractor dots in chromaticity. We provide Matlab code for creating these stimuli, which can be modified for use with different animals. We demonstrate the success of this method with triggerfish, Rhinecanthus aculeatus, and highlight behavioural parameters that can be measured, including success of finding the target dot, time to detect dot and error rate. Triggerfish quickly learnt to select target dots that differed from distractors dots regardless of the particular hue or saturation, and proved to use acute colour vision. We measured discrimination thresholds by testing the detection of target colours that were of increasing colour distances (∆S) from distractor dots in different directions of colour space. At least for some colours, thresholds indicated better discrimination than expected from the Receptor Noise Limited (RNL) model assuming 5% Weber fraction for the long-wavelength cone. This methodology seems to be highly effective because it resembles natural foraging behavior for the triggerfish and may well be adaptable to a range of other animals, including mammals, birds, bees and freshwater fish. Other questions may be addressed using this methodology, including luminance thresholds, sensory bias, effects of sensory noise in detection tasks, colour categorization and saliency
Data from: An Ishihara-style test of animal colour vision
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Image Calibration and Analysis Toolbox – a free software suite for measuring reflectance, colour, and pattern objectively and to animal vision
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Figure 25. Living animals. A in Reading between the lines: revealing cryptic species diversity and colour patterns in Hypselodoris nudibranchs (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Chromodorididae)
Figure 25. Living animals. A, Hypselodoris rositoi Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., holotype, NMP 041283, Tingloy, Batangas, Philippines. B, H. rositoi Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., specimen from Albatross Expedition, illustrated by Kumataro Ito. C, Hypselodoris variobranchia Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., paratype, CASIZ 177618, Tingloy, Batangas, Philippines. D, H. variobranchia Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., holotype, NMP 041285, Puerto Galera, Mindoro Oriental, Philippines. E, H. variobranchia Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., paratype, CASIZ 208189, Puerto Galera, Mindoro Oriental, Philippines. F, H. variobranchia Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., paratype, CASIZ 212273, Mabini, Batangas, Philippines. G, Hypselodoris violacea Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., paratype, CASIZ 071286, Manu Manu Island, Palawan, Batangas, Philippines. H, H. violacea Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., holotype, NMP 041286, Busuanga, Palawan, Philippines.
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