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22 results for “animal signals”
Figure 3 Frame blocking of the speech signal-Development an Automatic Speech to Facial Animation Conversion for Improve Deaf Lives
<p>The next frame will begin M samples (i.e. 156 samples) after the first frame, and it will<br> overlap the first frame by N-M samples (256 – 156 = 100 samples). Then the third frame will start<br> at 2M samples after the first frame and it will overlap first frame by N-2M. The fourth frame will<br> start at 3M samples after the first, and it will overlap it by N-3M. The process will continue until all<br> input signal is accounted for. The result of this step plotted using MATLAB plot command and<br> displayed in Figure 3.<br> Figure 3 Frame blocking of the speech signal<br> The next step in the processing is to window each individual frame so as to minimize the<br> signal discontinuities at the beginning and end of each frame. The concept here is to minimize the<br> spectral distortion by using the window to taper the signal to zero at the beginning and end of each<br> frame. If we define the window as w(n), 0 ≤ n ≤ N −1, where N is the number of samples in each<br> frame, then the result of windowing is the signal<br> y (n) = x (n)w(n), 0 ≤ n ≤ N −1 l l<br> </p>
Figure 8. Speech signal after frequency wrapping-Development an Automatic Speech to Facial Animation Conversion for Improve Deaf Lives
<p>Use of speech spectrum for changing the work domain on the signal from time to frequency<br> is used via Fourier conventions. The rapid and practical way of estimating Spectrum in such<br> applications is employment of rapid Fourier transform. The final stage is extracting particularities is<br> use of discrete cosine to return particularities to the time domain and converse FFT approximation.<br> Major advantage of this method is decrease of number of particularities of number of filter from f N<br> to c N in which c f N ≤ N . In addition, doing so, includes making independent of the obtained<br> particularity and rendering them non dependant which leads matrix covariance features to become<br> axial. The following equation shows this point.</p>
Figure 7. Speech signal after FFT-Development an Automatic Speech to Facial Animation Conversion for Improve Deaf Lives
<p>Use of speech spectrum for changing the work domain on the signal from time to frequency<br> is used via Fourier conventions. The rapid and practical way of estimating Spectrum in such<br> applications is employment of rapid Fourier transform. The final stage is extracting particularities is<br> use of discrete cosine to return particularities to the time domain and converse FFT approximation.<br> Major advantage of this method is decrease of number of particularities of number of filter from f N<br> to c N in which c f N ≤ N . In addition, doing so, includes making independent of the obtained<br> particularity and rendering them non dependant which leads matrix covariance features to become<br> axial. The following equation shows this point.</p>
Conspicuous animal signals avoid the cost of predation by being intermittent or novel: confirmation in the wild using hundreds of robotic prey
<p>Social animals are expected to face a trade-off between producing a signal that is detectible by mates and rivals, but not obvious to predators. This trade-off is fundamental for understanding the design of many animal sig- nals, and is often the lens through which the evolution of alternative communication strategies is viewed. We have a reasonable working knowl- edge of how conspecifics detect signals under different conditions, but how predators exploit conspicuous communication of prey is complex and hard to predict. We quantified predation on 1566 robotic lizard prey that per- formed a conspicuous visual display, possessed a conspicuous ornament or remained cryptic. Attacks by free-ranging predators were consistent across two contrasting ecosystems and showed robotic prey that performed a conspicuous display were equally likely to be attacked as those that remained cryptic. Furthermore, predators avoided attacking robotic prey with a fixed, highly visible ornament that was novel at both locations. These data show that it is prey familiarity—not conspicuousness—that determine predation risk. These findings replicated across different preda- tor–prey communities not only reveal how conspicuous signals might evolve in high predation environments, but could help resolve the paradox of aposematism and why some exotic species avoid predation when invad- ing new areas.</p>
Enhanced mTORC1 signaling and protein synthesis in pathologic alpha-synuclein cellular and animal models of Parkinson's disease
<p>Pathologic alpha-synuclein plays an important role in the pathogenesis of alpha-synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Disruption of proteostasis is thought to be central to pathologic alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn) toxicity; however, the molecular mechanism of this deregulation is poorly understood. Here we report that pathologic alpha-syn activates the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) leading to enhanced mRNA translation via binding tuberous sclerosis protein (TSC) 2 and destabilizing the TSC1-TSC2 complex. Genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of mTOR and protein synthesis rescue the dopamine neuron loss, behavioral deficits, and aberrant biochemical signaling in the alpha-syn preformed fibril (PFF) and Drosophila alpha-syn transgenic models of pathologic alpha-syn induced degeneration. Our findings establish a potential molecular mechanism by which pathologic alpha-syn activates mTORC1 leading to enhanced protein synthesis and concomitant neurodegeneration in PD.</p>
Identifying potential cues of species identity in complex animal signals
<p>Communication signals are often key for encoding information on species identity, but determining the features important in conveying those cues is challenging. This is especially the case when attempting to compare across closely related sympatric taxa, where the need for accurate species recognition is critical. We developed an analytical framework to comprehensively quantify the complex movement displays used by male lizards to advertise territory ownership in 11 taxa of Puerto Rican <em>Anolis</em>, many of which were sympatric. Our analyses were able to assign the majority of individuals to the correct population of a given species based on only a handful of displays, showing ample information exists in these displays for species recognition. Instances where lizards were misassigned appeared to have occurred because of similarities in display design resulting from local adaptation to similar environments or recent shared evolutionary history. Our analyses also revealed there was no common ('magic') display characteristic for recognition across the 11 taxa. Instead, lizards likely assess the entire display or a combination of different display cues. Taken together, we illustrate a powerful approach that offers a rigorous statistical and holistic evaluation of complex animal signals for elucidating features likely to be important in species recognition. We provide a guide for implementing this analytical framework in R, with associated code and worked examples. Information obtained from these analyses can then be used to design experiments testing the utility of identifying cues or comparative studies investigating how those cues contribute to reproductive isolation among populations and ultimately speciation.</p>
Data from: Evolutionary loss of complexity in animal signals: cause and consequence
<p>We identified hypotheses for the cause and consequences of the loss of complexity in animal signals and tested these using a genus of visually communicating lizards, the South-east Asian Draco lizards. Males of some species have lost the headbob component from their display, which is otherwise central to the communication of this genus. These males instead display a large, colourful dewlap to defend territories and attract mates. This dewlap initially evolved to augment the headbob component of the display, but has become the exclusive system of communication. We tested whether the loss of headbobs was caused by relaxed selection, habitat-dependent constraints, or size-specific energetic constraints on display movement. We then examined whether the consequences of this loss have been mitigated by increased signalling effort or complexity in the colour of the dewlap. It appears the increased cost of display movement resulting from the evolution of large body size might have contributed to the loss of headbobs and has been somewhat compensated for by the evolution of greater complexity in dewlap colour. However, this evolutionary shift is unlikely to have maintained the complexity previously present in the communication system, resulting in an apparent detrimental loss of information potential.</p>
Enhanced mTORC1 signaling and protein synthesis in pathologic alpha-synuclein cellular and animal models of Parkinson’s disease
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Data from: Evolutionary loss of complexity in animal signals: cause and consequence
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Rapid and repeated divergence of animal chemical signals in an island introduction experiment
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Identifying potential cues of species identity in complex animal signals
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Conspicuous animal signals avoid the cost of predation by being intermittent or novel: confirmation in the wild using hundreds of robotic prey
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How relaxed preferences facilitate the evolution of novel animal signals
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Data from: Novel predators reshape holozoan phylogeny and reveal the presence of a two-component signalling system in the ancestor of animals
Our understanding of the origin of animals has been transformed by characterizing their most closely related, unicellular sisters: the choanoflagellates, filastereans, and ichthyosporeans. Together with animals, these lineages make up the Holozoa [ 1, 2 ]. Many traits previously considered "animal specific" were subsequently found in other holozoans [ 3, 4 ], showing that they evolved before animals, although exactly when is currently uncertain because several key relationships remain unresolved [ 2, 5 ]. Here we report the morphology and transcriptome sequencing from three novel unicellular holozoans: Pigoraptor vietnamica and Pigoraptor chileana, which are related to filastereans, and Syssomonas multiformis, which forms a new lineage with Corallochytrium in phylogenomic analyses. All three species are predatory flagellates that feed on large eukaryotic prey, and all three also appear to exhibit complex life histories with several distinct stages, including multicellular clusters. Examination of genes associated with multicellularity in animals showed that the new filastereans contain a cell-adhesion gene repertoire similar to those of other species in this group. Syssomonas multiformis possessed a smaller complement overall but does encode genes absent from the earlier-branching ichthyosporeans. Analysis of the T-box transcription factor domain showed expansion of T-box transcription factors based on combination with a non-T-box domain (a receiver domain), which has not been described outside of vertebrates. This domain and other domains we identified in all unicellular holozoans are part of the two-component signaling system that has been lost in animals, suggesting the continued use of this system in the closest relatives of animals and emphasizing the importance of studying loss of function as well as gain in major evolutionary transitions.
Data from: Why are animals conspicuously colored? Evolution of sexual versus warning signals in land vertebrates
<p>Conspicuous colors (e.g. red, yellow, blue) have evolved numerous times across animals. But the function of this coloration can differ radically among species. Many species use this coloration as a sexual signal to conspecifics, whereas others use it as a warning signal to predators. Why do different species evolve conspicuous coloration in association with one function as opposed to the other? We address this question in terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods) using phylogenetic approaches and test whether day-night activities of species help determine these patterns. Using phylogenetic logistic regression, we found that conspicuous, sexually dimorphic coloration is significantly associated with diurnal lineages (e.g. many birds and lizards). By contrast, the evolution of warning signals was significantly associated with large-scale clades that were ancestrally nocturnal (e.g. snakes, amphibians), regardless of the current diel activity of species. Overall, we show that the evolution of conspicuous coloration as warning signals or sexual signals is influenced by the ecology of species, both recently and in the ancient past.</p>
Bacteria isolated from bengal cat (Felis catus × Prionailurus bengalensis) anal sac secretions produce volatile compounds associated with animal signaling
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Data from: Novel predators reshape holozoan phylogeny and reveal the presence of a two-component signalling system in the ancestor of animals
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Data from: Why are animals conspicuously colored? Evolution of sexual versus warning signals in land vertebrates
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Signal lengthening is not a strategy for animals to mitigate noise interference
<p><span>Many species of animals rely on acoustic communication for critical life activities. The efficacy of acoustic communication, however, can be seriously hindered by ambient noise. Although it has been widely reported that signallers modify the structure of their acoustic signals in noise, whether such signal modulations contribute to reducing noise interference is often unclear. Signal duration is a perceptually important parameter that can directly affect signal detection. Here, we address whether signal lengthening is an adaptive strategy for improving acoustic communication in noise, combing results from a meta-analysis, a noise playback experiment, and numerical simulations. The meta-analysis showed that animals from arthropods to mammals showed a mixed pattern of signal duration modifications in response to noise, covering all three possibilities of an increase, a decrease, and no change. The noise playback experiment revealed that noise-induced signal duration modulation was characterized by strong inter-individual variations and correlated positively with signal amplitude, challenging the functional role of signal lengthening in reducing noise interference. Lastly, numerical simulations suggest that experimentally observed signal duration increases in noise disappear when the effect size is considered. We conclude that signal lengthening is not a strategy for animals to mitigate noise interference, despite its wide occurrence. </span></p>
Signal lengthening is not a strategy for animals to mitigate noise interference
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.