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opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

A collection of annotated soundscape recordings from western Kenya

This collection contains 35 soundscape recordings of 32 hours total duration, which have been annotated with 10,294 labels for 176 different bird species from western Kenya. The data were recorded in 2021 and 2022 west and southwest of Lake Baringo in Baringo County, Kenya. This collection has partially been featured as test data in the 2023 BirdCLEF competition and can primarily be used for training and evaluation of machine learning algorithms. Data collection For this collection, AudioMoths and SWIFT recording units were deployed at multiple locations west and southwest of Lake Baringo, Baringo County, Kenya between Dezember 2021 and February 2022. Recording locations cover a variety of habitats from open grasslands to semi-arid scrubland and mountain forests. Recordings were originally sampled at 48 kHz and converted to MP3 for faster file transfer. For publication, all files were resampled to 32 kHz and converted to FLAC. Sampling and annotation protocol A total of 32 hours of audio from various sites west and southwest of Lake Baringo were selected for annotation. Annotators were tasked with identifying and labeling each bird call they could discern, excluding any calls that were too weak or indiscernible. The annotation process was carried out using Audacity. Provided labels mark the center of each bird call. In this collection, we use eBird species codes as labels, following the 2021 eBird taxonomy (Clements list). Parts of this dataset have previously been used in the 2023 BirdCLEF competition.  Files in this collection Audio recordings can be accessed by downloading and extracting the “soundscape_data.zip” file. Soundscape recording filenames contain a sequential file ID, recording date and timestamp in EAT (UTC+3). As an example, the file “KEN_001_20211207_153852.flac” has sequential ID 001 and was recorded on December 7th 2021 at 15:38:52 EAT. Ground truth annotations are listed in “annotations.csv” where each line specifies the corresponding filename, start and end time in seconds, and an eBird species code. These species codes can be assigned to scientific and common name of a species with the “species.csv” file. The approximate recording location with longitude and latitude can be found in the “recording_location.txt” file. Acknowledgements Compiling this extensive dataset was a major undertaking, and we are very thankful to the domain experts who helped to collect and manually annotate the data for this collection. In particular, our thanks go to Francis Cherutich for setting up recording units, collecting and annotating data, and to Alain Jacot for assisting in programming the units and transporting the recorders to Kenya.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

A collection of fully-annotated soundscape recordings from the Western United States

This collection contains 33 hour-long soundscape recordings, which have been annotated with 20,147 bounding box labels for 56 different bird species from the Western United States. The data were recorded in 2018 in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA. This collection has partially been featured as test data in the 2021 BirdCLEF competition and can primarily be used for training and evaluation of machine learning algorithms. Data collection Measuring the effects of forest management activities in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA can reveal a potential correlation with avian population density and diversity. For this dataset, passive acoustic surveys were conducted in the Lassen and Plumas National Forests in May-August 2018. Survey grid cells (4 km2) were randomly selected from a 6,000-km2 area, and SWIFT recording units were deployed at locations conducive to sound propagation (e.g., ridges rather than gullies) within those cells. The sensitivity of the used microphones was -44 (+/-3) dB re 1 V/Pa. The microphone's frequency response was not measured, but is assumed to be flat (+/- 2 dB) in the frequency range 100 Hz to 7.5 kHz. The analog signal was amplified by 38 dB and digitized (16-bit resolution) using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with a clipping level of -/+ 0.9 V. Recording units recorded continuously 17:00 - 23:59, 0:00 - 10:00, one-hour files were stored as uncompressed WAVE sampled at 32 kHz and later converted to FLAC. Parts of this dataset have previously been used in the 2021 BirdCLEF competition. Sampling and annotation protocol We subsampled data for this collection by selecting locations that spanned the full elevational and latitudinal gradients of our study area (~840 – 1700 m asl and 39.41 – 40.71°N), and thus represent a broad range of plant communities. A single annotator boxed every bird call he could recognize, ignoring those that are too faint or unidentifiable. Raven Pro software was used to annotate the data. Provided labels contain full bird calls that are boxed in time and frequency. The annotator was allowed to combine multiple consecutive calls of one species into one bounding box label if pauses between calls were shorter than five seconds. We use eBird species codes as labels, following the 2021 eBird taxonomy (Clements list). Files in this collection Audio recordings can be accessed by downloading and extracting the “soundscape_data.zip” file. Soundscape recording filenames contain a sequential file ID, recording date and timestamp in PDT. As an example, the file “SNE_001_20180509_050002.flac” has sequential ID 001 and was recorded on May 9th 2018 at 05:00:02 PDT. Ground truth annotations are listed in “annotations.csv” where each line specifies the corresponding filename, start and end time in seconds, low and high frequency in Hertz and an eBird species code. These species codes can be assigned to scientific and common name of a species with the “species.csv” file. The approximate recording location with longitude and latitude can be found in the “recording_location.txt” file. Acknowledgements  The collection and annotation of this dataset was funded by the U.S. Forest Service Region 5 and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

A collection of fully-annotated soundscape recordings from the Island of Hawai'i

This collection contains 635 soundscape recordings with a total duration of almost 51 hours, which have been annotated by expert ornithologists who provided 59,583 bounding box labels for 27 different bird species from the Hawaiian Islands, including 6 threatened or endangered native birds. The data were recorded between 2016 and 2022 at four sites across Hawai‘i Island. This collection has partially been featured as test data in the 2022 BirdCLEF competition and can primarily be used for training and evaluation of machine learning algorithms. Data collection Soundscapes for this collection were recorded for various research projects by the Listening Observatory for Hawaiian Ecosystems (LOHE) at the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo. The recordings were collected using Wildlife Acoustics Inc. Song Meters (models 2, 4, or Mini), as 16-bit wav files at a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz, using the default gain settings of each model. Further specifics for each recording, such as recording location and habitat type, can be found in the metadata provided. Soundscapes in this collection vary in length, ranging from just under a minute to 9 minutes in duration. All audio was unified, converted to FLAC, and resampled to 32 kHz for this collection. Parts of this dataset have previously been used in the 2022 BirdCLEF competition. Sampling and annotation protocol This collection is a subset of the files recorded over the course of the LOHE lab’s respective studies. The data were subsampled for annotation by aurally scanning the recordings and visually scanning spectrograms generated using Raven Pro software for target species of interest to the individual research project for which each recording was collected. Recordings that did not contain vocalizations of the species of interest were excluded from full annotation and thus this collection.  Using Raven Pro, annotators were asked to create a selection box around every bird call they could recognize, ignoring those that were too faint or unidentifiable at a spectrogram window size of 700 points. Provided labels contain full bird calls that are boxed in time and frequency. Annotators were allowed to combine multiple consecutive calls of the same species into one bounding box label if pauses between calls were shorter than 0.5 seconds. We converted labels to eBird species codes, following the 2021 eBird taxonomy (Clements list). Files in this collection Audio recordings can be accessed by downloading and extracting the “soundscape_data.zip” file. Soundscape recording filenames contain a sequential file ID, site ID, recording date, and timestamp in HST. As an example, the file “UHH_001_S01_20161121_150000.flac” has sequential ID 001 and was recorded at site S01 on Nov 21st, 2016 at 15:00:00 HST. Ground truth annotations are listed in “annotations.csv” where each line specifies the corresponding filename, start and end time in seconds, low and high frequency in Hertz, and an eBird species code. These species codes can be assigned to the scientific and common name of a species with the “species.csv” file. The approximate recording location with Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates and other metadata can be found in the “recording_location.csv” file. Acknowledgements  Compiling this extensive dataset was a major undertaking, and we are very thankful to the domain experts who helped to collect and manually annotate the data for this collection. Specifically, we want to thank Charlotte Forbes-Perry with the Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai'i at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park as well as the following current and past members of the LOHE lab (in alphabetical order): Keith Burnett, Saxony Charlot, Noah Hunt, Caleb Kow, Elizabeth Lough, and Bret Mossman. Access and permits to record soundscapes were provided by (in alphabetical order): Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, the State of Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural Resources Division of Forestry and Wildlife, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. We would also like to acknowledge our funding sources (in alphabetical order): The National Park Service Inventory and Monitoring Division, the National Science Foundation, and the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

A collection of fully-annotated soundscape recordings from the Northeastern United States

This collection contains 285 hour-long soundscape recordings, which have been annotated by expert ornithologists who provided 50,760 bounding box labels for 81 different bird species from the Northeastern USA. The data were recorded in 2017 in the Sapsucker Woods bird sanctuary in Ithaca, NY, USA. This collection has (partially) been featured as test data in the 2019, 2020 and 2021 BirdCLEF competition and can primarily be used for training and evaluation of machine learning algorithms. Data collection As part of the Sapsucker Woods Acoustic Monitoring Project (SWAMP), the K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology deployed 30 first-generation SWIFT recorders in the surrounding bird sanctuary area in Ithaca, NY, USA. The sensitivity of the used microphones was -44 (+/-3) dB re 1 V/Pa. The microphone's frequency response was not measured, but is assumed to be flat (+/- 2 dB) in the frequency range 100 Hz to 7.5 kHz. The analog signal was amplified by 33 dB and digitized (16-bit resolution) using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with a clipping level of -/+ 0.9 V. This ongoing study aims to investigate the vocal activity patterns and seasonally changing diversity of local bird species. The data are also used to assess the impact of noise pollution on the behavior of birds. Recordings were recorded 24 h/day in 1-hour uncompressed WAVE files at 48 kHz, converted to FLAC and resampled to 32 kHz for this collection. Parts of this dataset have previously been used in the 2019, 2020 and 2021 BirdCLEF competition. Sampling and annotation protocol We subsampled data for this collection by randomly selecting one 1-hour file from one of the 30 different recording units for each hour of one day per week between Feb and Aug 2017. For this collection, we excluded recordings that were shorter than one hour or did not contain a bird vocalization. Annotators were asked to box every bird call they could recognize, ignoring those that are too faint. Raven Pro software was used to annotate the data. Provided labels contain full bird calls that are boxed in time and frequency. Annotators were allowed to combine multiple consecutive calls of one species into one bounding box label if pauses between calls were shorter than five seconds. We use eBird species codes as labels, following the 2021 eBird taxonomy (Clements list). Files in this collection Audio recordings can be accessed by downloading and extracting the “soundscape_data.zip” file. Soundscape recording filenames contain a sequential file ID, recording date, and timestamp in UTC. As an example, the file “SSW_001_20170225_010000Z.flac” has sequential ID 001 and was recorded on Feb 25th, 2017 at 01:00:00 UTC. Ground truth annotations are listed in “annotations.csv” where each line specifies the corresponding filename, start and end time in seconds, low and high frequency in Hertz, and an eBird species code. These species codes can be assigned to scientific and common name of a species with the “species.csv” file. Unidentifiable calls have been marked with “????” and are included in the ground truth annotations. The approximate recording location with longitude and latitude can be found in the “recording_location.txt” file. Acknowledgements  Compiling this extensive dataset was a major undertaking, and we are very thankful to the domain experts who helped to collect and manually annotate the data for this collection (individual contributors in alphabetic order): Jessie Barry, Sarah Dzielski, Cullen Hanks, W. Alexander Hopping, Robert Koch, Jim Lowe, Jay McGowan, Ashik Rahaman, Yu Shiu, Laurel Symes, and Matt Young.  Version history Version 2: Unidentifiable calls have been marked with “????” and added as bounding box labels to the ground truth annotations. Version 1: Initial release.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2023View details →

A collection of fully-annotated soundscape recordings from the southern Sierra Nevada mountain range

This collection contains 100 soundscape recordings of 10 minutes duration, which have been annotated with 10,296 bounding box labels for 21 different bird species from the Western United States. The data were recorded in 2015 in the southern end of the Sierra Nevada mountain range in California, USA. This collection has been featured as test data in the 2020 BirdCLEF and Kaggle Birdcall Identification competition and can primarily be used for training and evaluation of machine learning algorithms. Data collection The recordings were made in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, two contiguous national parks in the southern Sierra Nevada mountain range in California, USA. The focus of the acoustic study was the high-elevation region of the Parks; specifically, the headwater lake basins above 3,000 km in elevation. The original intent of the study was to monitor seasonal activity of birds and bats at lakes containing trout and lakes without trout, because the cascading impacts of trout on the adjacent terrestrial zone remain poorly understood. Soundscapes were recorded for 24 h continuously at 10 lakes (5 fishless, 5 fish-containing) throughout Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks during June-September 2015. Song Meter SM2+ units (Wildlife Acoustics, USA) powered by custom-made solar panels were used to obviate the need to swap batteries, due to the recording locations being extremely difficult to access. Song Meters continuously recorded mono-channel, 16-bits uncompressed WAVE files at 48 kHz sampling rate. For this collection, recordings were resampled at 32 kHz and converted to FLAC. Sampling and annotation protocol A total of 100 10-minute segments of audio between July 9 and 12, 2015 from morning hours (06:10-09:10 PDT) from all 10 sites were selected at random. Annotators were asked to box every bird call they could recognize, ignoring those that are too faint or unidentifiable. Every sound that could not be confidently assigned an identity was reviewed with 1-2 other experts in bird identification. To minimize observer bias, all identifying information about the location, date and time of the recordings was hidden from the annotator. Raven Pro software was used to annotate the data. Provided labels contain full bird calls that are boxed in time and frequency. In this collection, we use eBird species codes as labels, following the 2021 eBird taxonomy (Clements list). Unidentifiable calls have been marked with “????” and were added as bounding box labels to the ground truth annotations. Parts of this dataset have previously been used in the 2020 BirdCLEF and Kaggle Birdcall Identification competition. Files in this collection Audio recordings can be accessed by downloading and extracting the “soundscape_data.zip” file. Soundscape recording filenames contain a sequential file ID, recording date and timestamp in PDT (UTC-7). As an example, the file “HSN_001_20150708_061805.flac” has sequential ID 001 and was recorded on July 8th 2015 at 06:18:05 PDT. Ground truth annotations are listed in “annotations.csv” where each line specifies the corresponding filename, start and end time in seconds, low and high frequency in Hertz and an eBird species code. These species codes can be assigned to scientific and common name of a species with the “species.csv” file. The approximate recording location with longitude and latitude can be found in the “recording_location.txt” file. Acknowledgements  Compiling this extensive dataset was a major undertaking, and we are very thankful to the domain experts who helped to collect and manually annotate the data for this collection (individual contributors in alphabetic order): Anna Calderón, Thomas Hahn, Ruoshi Huang, Angelly Tovar

Figs 14–15 in An annotated checklist of the weevil fauna of Samos Island with new records for Greece (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea)

Figs 14–15 (not in scale). 14 Otiorhynchus lilligi KESKIN & CEVIK, 2007, 15 Otiorhynchus pelliceus BOHEMAN, 1843. All photos: G. Müller.

Figs 5A–D in An annotated checklist of the weevil fauna of Samos Island with new records for Greece (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea)

Figs 5A–D. Allomalia cf. quadrivirgata (COSTA, 1863). A habitus of male and female; B penis lateral view; C penis dorsal view on apex (in detail), D penis dorsal view. Photos: C. Germann.

Fig. 2. Brachycerus cinereus OLIVIER, 1807 in An annotated checklist of the weevil fauna of Samos Island with new records for Greece (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea)

Fig. 2. Brachycerus cinereus OLIVIER, 1807 in the Oros Ambelos feeding on leaves of Galanthus elwesii. Photo: C. Germann.

Fig. 1 in An annotated checklist of the weevil fauna of Samos Island with new records for Greece (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea)

Fig. 1. Diagram showing the composition of the fauna of Curculionoidea collected so far on Samos after the three chorotypes Palaearctic, Circum-Mediterranean and Eastern-Mediterranean.

Figs 12–13 in An annotated checklist of the weevil fauna of Samos Island with new records for Greece (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea)

Figs 12–13 (not in scale). 12 Otiorhynchus anadolicus BOHEMAN, 1843, 13 Otiorhynchus bisphaericus REICHE & SAULCY, 1858. All photos: G. Müller.

Figs 18–21 in An annotated checklist of the weevil fauna of Samos Island with new records for Greece (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea)

Figs 18–21 (not in scale). 18 Psallidium spinimanum REICHE, 1861, 19 Tychius hebes DESBROCHERS, 1875, 20 Tychius naxiae FAUST, 1889, 21 Omias sandneri (REITTER, 1906). All photos: G. Müller.

Figs 10–11 in An annotated checklist of the weevil fauna of Samos Island with new records for Greece (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea)

Figs 10–11 (not in scale). 10 Oedecnemidius varius (BRULLé, 1832), 11 Styphlus oros (REITTER, 1889). All photos: G. Müller.

Figs 4 A–D. A in An annotated checklist of the weevil fauna of Samos Island with new records for Greece (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea)

Figs 4 A–D. A Hypoglyptus sp.; B Otiorhynchus cf. bleusei FAUST, 1899; C and D normal and big sized (= polyploid?) specimens of Otiorhynchus ovalipennis (BOHEMAN, 1843). Photos: C. Germann.

Figs 6–9 in An annotated checklist of the weevil fauna of Samos Island with new records for Greece (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea)

Figs 6–9 (not in scale). 6 Protapion brenskei (DESBROCHERS, 1895), 7 Ceutorhynchus oculatus COLONNELLI, 1987, 8 Entomoderus cf. deformis (REICHE & SAULCY, 1858), 9 Mogulones sublineellus (C. BRISOUT, 1869). All photos: G. Müller.

Figs 3 A–C. Echinodera montissacris BEHNE, 2002. A in An annotated checklist of the weevil fauna of Samos Island with new records for Greece (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea)

Figs 3 A–C. Echinodera montissacris BEHNE, 2002. A pronotum with deep and coarse punctation; B habitus, dorsal view; C penis lateral and dorsal view. Photos: C. Germann.

Figs 16–17 in An annotated checklist of the weevil fauna of Samos Island with new records for Greece (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea)

Figs 16–17 (not in scale). 16 Polydrusus armipes BRULLé, 1832, 17 Polydrusus cocciferae KIESEN-WETTER, 1864. All photos: G. Müller.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2020View details →

Figs 62–76. Galerucinae. 62 in AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF LEAF BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) OF KOREA, WITH COMMENTS AND NEW RECORDS

Figs 62–76. Galerucinae. 62 – Cneorane elegans; 63 – Doryxenoides tibialis; 64 – Galeruca dahlii vicina; 65 – Galerucella grisescens; 66 – Gallerucida bifasciata; 67 – G.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

Figure 2 in New Country Records and Annotated Checklist of the Dacine Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacini) of Nepal

Figure 2. Mean (± SE) captures (flies per trap per day) at four elevation ranges in Nepal for polyphagous fruit pests Bactrocera dorsalis (A) and B. zonata (D), cucurbit fruit pests Zeugodacus cucurbitae (B) and Z. tau (E), and non-pest B. nigrifacia (C) and B. rubigina (F).