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12 results for “annual rainfall”
Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME): Seasonal Biomass and Seasonal and Annual NPP Data at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico
Begun in fall 2006, this long-term study at the Sevilleta LTER examines changes in net primary production (NPP) caused by increased precipitation variability within a semiarid grassland. Net primary production is a fundamental ecological variable that quantifies rates of carbon consumption and fixation. Estimates of NPP are important in understanding energy flow at a community level as well as spatial and temporal responses to a range of ecological processes. While measures of both below- and above-ground biomass are important in estimating total NPP, this study focuses on above-ground net primary production (ANPP). Above-ground net primary production is the change in plant biomass, including loss to death and decomposition, over a given period of time. Volumetric measurements are made using vegetation data from permanent plots (SEV188, "Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME): Net Primary Production Quadrat Data") and regressions correlating species biomass and volume constructed using seasonal harvest weights from SEV157, "Net Primary Productivity (NPP) Weight Data."
Annual rainfall erosivity in Greece
<p>Estimated mean annual erosivity values over Greece in (Mj.mm/ha/h/y) using precipitation records that suffered from a significant volume of missing values. As an intermediate step the creation of monthly precipitation and erosivity density models was utilized.</p>
Annual Maxima of Station-based Rainfall Data over Different Accumulation Durations
<p><strong>Description</strong></p> <p>These data were used in the study "Flexible and Consistent Quantile Estimation for Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves" (Fauer et al., 2021). Rainfall data were collected from stations by the German Meteorological Service (DWD) and Wupperverband (corrected data). Raw time series data from the German Meteorological Service is publicly available under https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/observations_germany/climate/. Only the annual precipitation maxima over different durations are published here.</p> <p><strong>Files</strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>yearMax.csv:</strong> This file contains aggregated rainfall data over different durations and for different stations.</li> <li><strong>meta.csv:</strong> This file contains additional information of the different stations such as longitude, latitude, altitude, temporal resolution (m=minutely, h=hourly, d=daily), group. The same group is assigned to stations which have a distance of less than 250 meters and can be treated as one station.</li> </ul> <p><br> <strong>Abstract of the according study</strong></p> <p>We suggest a flexible parametric model for describing intensity duration frequency relationships (IDF-curves) in a consistent way, i.e., without crossing of different quantiles for a wide range of durations (1 min to 5 days). The model is based on the duration-dependent formulation of the generalized extreme value distribution (GEV). The original model shows a power-law like behaviour for the quantiles for a wide range of durations and takes care of a deviation from this scaling relation (curvature) for small durations. We extend the model with two features: i) different power-law exponents for different quantiles (multiscaling) and ii) deviation from the power-law for large durations (flattening). Based on the quantile skill score, we investigate the performance of the resulting flexible model with respect to the benefit of the individual features (curvature, multiscaling, flattening) with simulated and empirical data. We provide detailed information on the duration and probability ranges for which specific features or a systematic combination of features leads to improvements for stations in a case study area in the Wupper catchment (Germany). Our results show that allowing curvature or multiscaling improves the model only for very short or long durations, respectively, but leads to disadvantages in modeling the other duration ranges. In contrast, allowing flattening on average leads to an improvement for medium durations between 1 hour and 1 day without affecting other duration regimes. Overall, the new parametric form offers a flexible and performant model for consistently describing IDF relations over a wide range of durations.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Acknowledgements</strong></p> <p>We would like to thank the German Weather Service (DWD), and the Wupperverband, especially Marc Scheibel, for maintaining the station-based rainfall gauge and providing us with data.</p>
Figure 1. Air temperature and rainfall during the study between February 2015 and January 2016 in Intra-annual colonization of Chironomidae on leaf litter in a Brazilian Cerrado stream
Figure 1. Air temperature and rainfall during the study between February 2015 and January 2016 in the Boiadeiro stream, Mucugê, BA, Brazilian Cerrado. Data: http://www.snirh.gov.br/hidroweb/ serieshistoricas (Hidroweb 2020).
Flowering phenology for seven California annual species under two rainfall treatments
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Data from: Equivocal evidence for a change in balance between selfing and pollinator-mediated reproduction in annual Brassicaceae growing along a rainfall gradient
<p>Because many plants ensure their reproductive success using some level of self-fertilization, it is predicted that the balance between pollinator-mediated pollen transfer and autonomous selfing will be correlated with habitat harshness and pollinator activity. To study these correlations, we used three annual species that differ in their self-incompatibility and compared their reproductive success in the form of fruit production and seed viability, with and without pollinators, along a rainfall gradient and in relation to pollinator activity. We found that pollinator activity decreased with increasing aridity. However, although the reproductive success in the absence of pollinators fitted the species' level of self-incompatibility, no clear trend was detected between pollinator visits or site harshness and relative reproductive success. Only one of the species, <i>Sinapis alba, </i>showed a consistent increase in autonomous selfing with both increased aridity and decreased pollinator visits, a finding that was supported by an increase in the viability of seeds produced in the absence of pollinators. Nevertheless, unlike our prediction, the absolute number of seeds produced per <i>S. alba</i> flower increased with aridity. Our overall findings suggest that despite decreasing pollinator abundance and diversity with increasing aridity, reproductive success of annual species, even of those with high self-incompatibility, remains relatively high. While there may be several mechanisms governing these results, the overall constant seed production despite environmental uncertainties may be part of the mechanism by which plants in arid ecosystems buffer environmental variations.</p>
Data from: Equivocal evidence for a change in balance between selfing and pollinator-mediated reproduction in annual Brassicaceae growing along a rainfall gradient
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Annual rainfall erosivity projected differences in Greece
<p>This dataset contains the raster files of the differences between projected and historical mean average values of R in Greece from the paper: </p> <p>Vantas, K.; Sidiropoulos, E.; Loukas, A. Estimating Current and Future Rainfall Erosivity in Greece Using Regional Climate Models and Spatial Quantile Regression Forests. Water 2020, 12, 687, DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030687">https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030687</a></p> <p> </p>
Figure 3. Mean temperature and annual rainfall during 2010–2011 in Strong phenological differences between two populations of a Neotropical funnel-web wolf spider
Figure 3. Mean temperature and annual rainfall during 2010–2011, according to the Portal Oficial del Gobierno de la Provincia de Córdoba (Argentina) and the Dirección Nacional de Meteorología (Uruguay).
Data from: Morphological variability in propagules of a desert annual as a function of rainfall patterns at different temporal and spatial scales
1.Organisms living in highly variable environments have to display integrated strategies to deal with both systematic and random variation occurring at different temporal and spatial scales. Two predictions were tested by analysing geographic-scale patterns of seed size and seed retention (serotiny) in Chorizanthe rigida, a strict winter desert annual that delays seed dispersal and releases propagules after rainfall events: (a) Adaptation to systematic environmental cues occurs by means of changes in morphology, and (b) within-individual variation in seed size allows a differential response to rainfall cues: while some seeds germinate rapidly others are retained for future rainfall events. 2.We quantified morphological variation and performed germination experiments on C. rigida propagules (involucres + achenes) from six populations distributed throughout the Mojave and Sonoran deserts covering: (a) a systematic, west-to-east, winter-to-bi-seasonal (summer and winter) precipitation gradient, and (b) a winter-rain unpredictability gradient inferred from long-term climatic data. 3.The propagule retention structure (i.e., base area of the pedicel) of C. rigida individuals experiencing bi-seasonal rainfall are double the size of those that have evolved under a strict winter rainfall regime, showing that populations living in bi-seasonal environments have higher seed retention which allows them to avoid releasing seeds to a summer rainfall cue. 4.Within-individual variance of propagule size varied significantly between populations and was correlated with winter rainfall variability in each site. 5.Germination varied as a function of propagule size; smaller seeds germinated more readily than larger seeds. Increased variability in propagule size might result in a more variable germination response. 6.Under common experimental conditions germination varied significantly among sites and was negatively correlated with mean winter effective precipitation, suggesting that propagules from populations in drier sites have lower germination moisture thresholds. 7.Synthesis. C. rigida propagules have larger bases in deserts with biseasonal rainfall, which allows them to avoid seed release during summer rainfall cues, and display within-individual seed variance associated to rainfall unpredictability, a trait often interpreted as a bet-hedging strategy. Our study provides empirical evidence of an integrated strategy that allows to cope with both random and systematic rainfall variation.
Data from: Morphological variability in propagules of a desert annual as a function of rainfall patterns at different temporal and spatial scales
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Data and code for "Soil as a Reservoir of Multi Annual Rainfall Determining Semiarid Vegetation Productivity"
<p><strong>Soil as a Reservoir of Multi Annual Rainfall Determining Semiarid Vegetation Productivity (Fux, Svoray & Bell, 2024)</strong></p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong><br>Climate change and natural variability alter rainfall characteristics. In dry environments, these changes <br>affect vegetation productivity, however, studies of remotely sensed data in high resolution temporal are scarce. <br>We quantified daily scale rainfall-productivity relationships by analyzing daily time series of rainfall and NDVI <br>from Landsat and Sentinel imagery from Israel, New Mexico, and SW Australia. Methodologically wise, we found that <br>the representative area size varied from 0.02--0.14 \(Km^2\), depending on the uniformity of vegetation formations. <br>More substantive, herbaceous vegetation showed maximal response to 3--4 months cumulative rainfall, while woody <br>vegetation response is dominated by rainfall accumulated over a year and even longer periods. These results emphasize <br>the water reservoirs' significance upon intermittent rainfall events and may have implications for ecohydrological <br>modeling, conservation biology, and ecosystem management.</p> <p><strong>Plain Language Summary</strong><br>Dry environments are characterized by high rainfall variability and water scarcity sets it as a limiting factor for <br>vegetation growth. Yet, vegetation response to rainstorms in semiarid regions is not fully understood. Specifically, <br>it is unclear what dominant statistical characteristic of rainstorms dictates vegetation growth. It has been long <br>debated whether daily, seasonal or annual rainfall characteristics are crucial for triggering vegetation’s response. <br>Here, we used high-resolution satellite images and daily rainfall records, from three locations worldwide, to <br>investigate the rainfall-productivity relationship. We found that for most vegetation formations, maximal correlation <br>is obtained for no lag and seasonal, or longer, rainfall accumulation periods. These results suggest that vegetation <br>does not show a significant response to rainfall pulses but rather to accumulated rainfall over longer periods (even <br>years). Thus, accumulated rainfall is likely stored in soil water reservoirs and remains accessible to ecosystems. <br>These results are more pronounced in woody vegetation and should be considered for environmental management policies.</p> <p><strong>Description</strong><br>The compressed file contains two folders, one for the characteristic unit size test and one for the rainfall-NDVI <br>cross correlations.<br>The unit size folder contains NDVI images for the dates used to calculate the characteristic unit size, the shape <br>files of the polygons used to delineate the different vegetation types areas and the R code.<br>The rainfall-NDVI cross correlations folder contain the NDVI images for each vegetation type in each region, <br>processed from the original data, and the code for creating the detrended and summed rainfall time series, the <br>detrended NDVI time series and the cross-correlation analyses.<br>The rainfall and the original satellite data are available from the resources listed in the article.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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