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53 results for “annual survival”
Data for: Emigration and survival correlate with different precipitation metrics throughout a grassland songbird's annual cycle
<p>Many exogenous factors may influence demographic rates (i.e., births, deaths, immigration, emigration), particularly for migratory birds that must cope with variable weather and habitat throughout their range and annual cycle. In midcontinental grasslands, disturbance (e.g., fire and grazing) and precipitation influence variation in grassland structure and function, but we know little about when and why precipitation is associated with grassland species' vital rates. We related estimates of detection, survival, and emigration to <em>a priori </em>sets of precipitation metrics to test the putative alternative factors influencing movement and mortality in grasshopper sparrows (<em>Ammodramus savannarum</em>). This species is a migratory songbird that exhibits exceptionally high rates of within-season and between-season dispersal. Between 2013 and 2020, we captured and resighted grasshopper sparrows in northeastern Kansas, USA, compiling capture histories for 1,332 adult males. We tested predictions of climatic hypotheses explaining variation in survival and emigration throughout a grasshopper sparrow's annual cycle; both survival and emigration were associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation precipitation index (ESPI). Survival was positively related with ESPI during winter, and temporary emigration was curvilinearly related to breeding season ESPI lagged 2 years, with the highest site fidelity associated with intermediate rainfall values. The relationship between rainfall and temporary emigration likely reflects the influence of weather over multiple years on vegetation structure with consequent effects on local demography. This study provides compelling support for the idea that grassland species respond to high interannual variability by adopting dispersal strategies unlike those of many well-studied migrant birds. Furthermore, the results imply that the consequences of increasing climatic extremes may not be immediately apparent, with demographic consequences lasting for at least a few years.</p>
Breeding season forest fragment size does not create negative carry-over for adult Wood Thrushes on fall migration timing or apparent annual survival
<p>Although carry-over effects related to wintering habitat quality are known to influence population dynamics of migratory songbirds, the presence of breeding season carry-over is under-studied in full annual cycle models. To test whether forest fragment size on the breeding grounds can impose negative carry-over effects on a migratory songbird, we fitted adult Wood Thrushes with one-year coded radio-tags in forest fragments ranging from 11–499 ha in southwestern Ontario during the 2016–2019 breeding seasons and utilized automated telemetry via the Motus Wildlife Tracking System to record fall migration timing and returns the following spring (apparent annual survival). To examine short-term effects of fragment size on breeding females, during the 2018 and 2019 breeding seasons, we collected blood samples during incubation to measure corticosterone levels and tracked complete reproductive success and nest timing. We found that Wood Thrushes breeding in small forest fragments were not subject to strong negative effects on body condition (mass, corticosterone), reproductive success, or timing of the last nest of the season. Next, we found that the onset of fall migration departure was not delayed for birds nesting in small fragments and that apparent annual survival was not linked to breeding fragment size. This suggests that habitat differences linked to fragment size were not strong enough to trigger the kinds of negative carry-over effects (delayed migration, lower reproductive success) that have been documented in other species as a result of poor wintering ground habitat quality. The strength of breeding fragment size-induced seasonal carry-over remains a critical gap in full annual cycle models for other declining migratory songbirds. Our findings suggest that while the importance of preserving large forested areas is often prioritized in conservation projects, small forest fragments can also have high conservation value.</p>
Natal forest fragment size does not predict fledgling, pre-migration, or apparent annual survival in Wood Thrushes
<p>Determining the drivers and mechanisms for first-year survival of migratory songbirds has been an understudied area in population dynamics due to the difficulty in tracking juveniles once they have dispersed from the natal site. With the advancement in miniaturization of radio-tags (battery life ~400 days) and the development of the Motus Wildlife Tracking System, we tracked 189 Wood Thrush nestlings through independence and to fall migration departure, and their return the following spring. Natal forest fragment size was not a good predictor of survival at any of the main life stages and onset of fall migration was predicted by fledge date but not natal fragment size. The percent forest cover in the landscape (at 2-km scale) had only a weak effect on fledgling survival. Survival probability was lowest for fledglings on their natal territory (70%, or 0.86 weekly survival probability), very high for juveniles as they explored the local landscape prior to fall migration (89%, or 0.99 weekly survival probability) and low during their first migration and wintering season (26%, or 0.95 weekly survival probability). To our knowledge, this is the first study to directly estimate annual apparent juvenile survival in a migratory songbird using year-round radio-tracking. Our study suggests that small forest fragments are important for the conservation for forest songbirds because they can support high survival of juveniles. </p>
Spatial survival analysis accounts for female-biased breeding dispersal and provides realistic estimates of true annual survival in migratory warblers
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Natal forest fragment size does not predict fledgling, pre-migration, or apparent annual survival in Wood Thrushes
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Data for: Emigration and survival correlate with different precipitation metrics throughout a grassland songbird's annual cycle
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Breeding season forest fragment size does not create negative carry-over for adult Wood Thrushes on fall migration timing or apparent annual survival
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Data from: Abundance, survival, and annual rate of change in Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) on a Navy sonar range
<p>Bayesian mark-recapture estimates of survival, abundance, and trend are reported for Cuvier's beaked whales (<em>Ziphius cavirostris</em>) using a Navy training range off southern California. The deep-diving beaked whale family is exceptionally vulnerable to mid-frequency active sonar (MFAS), which has been implicated in mass strandings and altered foraging behavior. Extremely low sighting probabilities impede studies of population-level impacts of MFAS on beaked whales. The San Nicolas Basin hosts a Navy training range subject to frequent MFAS use and attracts high densities of <em>Z. cavirostris</em>. An eleven-year (2007–2018) photo-identification program leveraged automated acoustic detection and location capabilities on the range's 1,800-km<sup>2</sup> hydrophone array to enhance capture probability. Estimated population parameters for <em>Z. cavirostris </em>using the range included mean (90% credibility intervals) apparent annual survival of 0.950 (0.899–0.986), the annual number of individuals as 121 (71–219), and the annual rate of change of -0.8% (-5.6 – 4.1%). Simulations show the probability of detecting abundance changes is currently low, but can be greatly improved through continued monitoring and increased effort. Complementary data collection on habitat use and demographic rates in San Nicolas and surrounding basins is also essential to relating the direct effects of MFAS use to changes in vital rates and broader population outcomes.</p>
Data from: Consequences of breeding system for body condition and survival throughout the annual cycle of tidal marsh sparrows
An individual's body condition and probability of survival can change throughout the annual cycle, based on the combined effects of many factors, including reproductive investment during breeding, colder temperatures during winter, and elevated risks during migration. We evaluated body condition and survival during breeding and non-breeding periods in two closely related species with notably different reproductive systems. Male and female saltmarsh sparrows (Ammodramus caudacutus) represent extremes in parental care: males perform none, leaving females to do everything from build nests to care for fledglings. In contrast, male and female seaside sparrows (A. maritimus) have bi-parental care and similar levels of reproductive investment, intermediate between male and female saltmarsh sparrows. Our results are consistent with the idea that females experience non-lethal effects of reproduction, and that differences between the breeding season and winter affect condition. In both species, females had lower scaled mass index (SMI) values than males during both breeding and non-breeding seasons, and female saltmarsh sparrows had lower SMI values than female seaside sparrows. Females carried more fat than males during the breeding season, and female, but not male, fat and muscle scores decreased over time, which is consistent with the adaptive mass hypothesis. In winter, all groups carried more fat and had higher muscle scores than when breeding, despite having lower SMI scores. Although we observed variation in body condition, within-season survival was uniformly high in both seasons, suggesting that sex, species, season, body size, and body condition have little impacts on within season survival. Comparisons with previously-published estimates of annual adult survival suggest that most mortality occurs during migration, even in these short-distance migrants. The importance of considering multiple aspects of body condition, multiple seasons, and difficult-to-monitor events, such as migration, should not be ignored when thinking about the events and processes that cumulatively determine population dynamics.
Data from: Apparent annual survival estimates of tropical songbirds better reflect life history variation when based on intensive field methods
Aim: Adult survival is central to theories explaining latitudinal gradients in life history strategies. Life history theory predicts higher adult survival in tropical than north temperate regions given lower fecundity and parental effort. Early studies were consistent with this prediction, but standard-effort netting studies in recent decades suggested that apparent survival rates in temperate and tropical regions strongly overlap. Such results do not fit with life history theory. Targeted marking and resighting of breeding adults yielded higher survival estimates in the tropics, but this approach is thought to overestimate survival because it does not sample social and age classes with lower survival. We compared the effect of field methods on tropical survival estimates and their relationships with life history traits. Location: Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Time period: 2008–2016. Major taxon: Passeriformes. Methods: We used standard-effort netting and resighted individuals of all social and age classes of 18 tropical songbird species over 8 years. We compared apparent survival estimates between these two field methods with differing analytical approaches. Results: Estimated detection and apparent survival probabilities from standard-effort netting were similar to those from other tropical studies that used standard-effort netting. Resighting data verified that a high proportion of individuals that were never recaptured in standard-effort netting remained in the study area, and many were observed breeding. Across all analytical approaches, addition of resighting yielded substantially higher survival estimates than did standard-effort netting alone. These apparent survival estimates were higher than for temperate zone species, consistent with latitudinal differences in life histories. Moreover, apparent survival estimates from addition of resighting, but not from standard-effort netting alone, were correlated with parental effort as measured by egg temperature across species. Main conclusions: Inclusion of resighting showed that standard-effort netting alone can negatively bias apparent survival estimates and obscure life history relationships across latitudes and among tropical species.
Seychelles warblers with silver spoons: juvenile body mass is a lifelong predictor of annual survival, but not annual reproduction or senescence
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The environment experienced during development, and its impact on intrinsic condition, can have lasting outcomes for individual phenotypes and could contribute to variation in adult senescence trajectories. However, the nature of this relationship in wild populations remains uncertain, owing to the difficulties in summarizing natal condition and in long-term monitoring of individuals from free-roaming long-lived species. Utilizing a closely monitored, closed population of Seychelles warblers (<em>Acrocephalus sechellensis</em>), we determine whether juvenile body mass is associated with natal socio-environmental factors, specific genetic traits linked to fitness in this system, survival to adulthood and senescence-related traits. Juveniles born in seasons with higher food availability and into smaller natal groups (i.e. fewer competitors) were heavier. In contrast, there were no associations between juvenile body mass and the genetic traits. Furthermore, size-corrected mass - but not separate measures of natal food availability, group size or genetic traits - was positively associated with survival to adulthood, suggesting juvenile body mass is indicative of natal condition. Heavier juveniles had greater body mass and had higher rates of annual survival as adults, independent of age. In contrast, there was no association between juvenile mass and adult telomere length attrition (a measure of somatic stress) nor annual reproduction. These results indicate that juvenile body mass, while not associated with senescence trajectories, can influence the likelihood of surviving to old age, potentially due to silver-spoon effects. This study shows that measures of intrinsic condition in juveniles can provide important insights into long-term fitness of individuals in wild populations.</span></p>
Dataset for: Breeding populations of Marbled Godwits and Willets have high annual survival and strong site fidelity to managed wetlands
<p><span>The Prairie Pothole Region of central Canada supports a diverse community of breeding waterbirds but many species have declining populations and the demographic mechanisms driving the declines remain unknown. We conducted a 7-year field study during 1995–2001 to investigate the demographic performance of Marbled Godwits (<em>Limosa</em> <em>fedoa</em>) and Willets (<em>Tringa</em> <em>semipalmata</em>) breeding in managed wetlands near Brooks, Alberta. Mark-recapture analyses based on Cormack-Jolly-Seber models revealed that the annual rates of apparent survival for Marbled Godwits (phi-hat = 0.934 </span><span>±</span><span> 0.015SE) and Willets (phi-hat = 0.849 </span><span>±</span><span> 0.018SE) are among the highest rates of survivorship reported for any breeding or nonbreeding population of large-bodied shorebirds. Our estimates of life expectancy for males were comparable to longevity records in godwits (E-hat = 17.3 years </span><span>±</span><span> 5.8SE vs. 25-29+ years) and Willets (E- hat = 7.7 </span><span>±</span><span> 1.5SE vs. 10+ years). The two species both showed strong breeding site fidelity but differed in rates of mate fidelity. Pairs that reunited and males that switched mates usually nested <300 m from their previous nests whereas females that switched mates usually moved longer distances >1.1 to 1.5 km. Returning pairs usually reunited in godwits (85%) but not in Willets (28%), possibly because of species differences in adult survival or patterns of migration. Baseline estimates of annual survival for banded-only birds will be useful for evaluating the potential effects of new tracking tags or the environmental changes that have occurred during the past 20 years. Conservation strategies for large-bodied shorebirds should be focused on reduction of exposure to anthropogenic mortality because low rates of natural mortality suggest that losses to collisions at breeding sites or harvest at nonbreeding areas are likely to cause additive mortality.</span></p>
Dataset for: Breeding populations of Marbled Godwits and Willets have high annual survival and strong site fidelity to managed wetlands
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Data from: Abundance, survival, and annual rate of change in Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) on a Navy sonar range
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Data from: Consequences of breeding system for body condition and survival throughout the annual cycle of tidal marsh sparrows
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Data from: Apparent annual survival estimates of tropical songbirds better reflect life history variation when based on intensive field methods
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Seychelles warblers with silver spoons: juvenile body mass is a lifelong predictor of annual survival, but not annual reproduction or senescence
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Data from: Apparent annual survival of adult <em>Vermivora chrysoptera</em> (Golden-winged Warbler) does not differ by sex or region
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Demographic rates and stature of tree species in 13 sub-tropical forests: annual growth, annual survival, annual recruitment >( 1 cm dbh), stature (max dbh)
<p>Organisms of all species must balance their allocation to growth, survival and recruitment. Among tree species, evolution has resulted in different life-history strategies for partitioning resources to these key demographic processes. Life-history strategies in tropical forests have often been shown to align along a trade-off between fast growth and high survival, i.e. the well-known fast-slow continuum. In addition, an orthogonal trade-off has been proposed between tall stature – resulting from fast growth and high survival – and recruitment success, i.e. a stature−recruitment trade-off. However, it is not clear if these two independent dimensions of life-history variation structure tropical forests worldwide.</p> <p>We used data from 13 large-scale and long-term tropical forest monitoring plots in three continents to explore the principal trade-offs in annual growth, survival and recruitment as well as tree stature. These forests included relatively undisturbed forests as well as typhoon-disturbed forests. Life-history variation in twelve forests was structured by two orthogonal trade-offs, the growth−survival trade-off and the stature−recruitment trade-off. Pairwise Procrustes analysis revealed a high similarity of demographic relationships among forests. The small deviations were related to differences between African and Asian plots.</p> <p><em>Synthesis</em>. The fast-slow continuum and tree stature are two independent dimensions structuring many, but not all tropical tree communities. Our discovery of the consistency of demographic trade-offs and life-history strategies across different forest types from three continents substantially improves our ability to predict tropical forest dynamics worldwide.</p>
Demographic rates and stature of tree species in 13 sub-tropical forests: annual growth, annual survival, annual recruitment >( 1 cm dbh), stature (max dbh)
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