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Long-term composited and land cover-adjusted Enhanced Normalized Difference Impervious Surface Index (ENDISI) for the greater Phoenix, Arizona, USA, metropolitan area and the surrounding Sonoran desert derived from annual and seasonal Landsat imagery, 1998 to 2020
This data package consists of multiple decades of Enhanced Normalized Difference Impervious Surface Index (ENDISI) raster data across the Central Arizona-Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research (CAP LTER) study area within metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, USA, temporally aggregated by year and by four meteorological seasons (winter, spring, summer, fall). To serve as a proxy measurement of impervious surface and urbanization across years and seasons, we derived values of ENDISI – following the methods of Chen et al. 2019 from annual and seasonal composites of 30-m resolution Landsat 5-9 Level-2 Surface Reflectance imagery. Next, we corrected the underestimated ENDISI values of dark impervious surface cover and the overestimated ENDISI values of bright bare soils based on visible Landsat bands and 2020 land cover (Sabu et al. 2023). Finally, we exported images as individual GeoTIFF raster files, each with five bands corresponding values summarized annually (band 1) and seasonally (bands 2-5). All imagery retrieval and data processing were completed with Google Earth Engine (Gorelick et al. 2017) and program R. A complete description of data processing methods, including the aggregation of imagery by year and season and the calculation of the spectral index, can be found in the data package metadata (see 'Methods and Protocols') and accompanying Javascript code. ### citations - Gorelick N, Hancher M, Dixon M, et al. (2017) Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote Sensing of Environment 202:18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.06.031 - Sabu, S., Frazier, A., & Rashid, B. (2023). Land use and land cover (LULC) classification of the CAP LTER study area (central Arizona, USA) using Landsat imagery: 2015 and 2020 [Dataset]. Environmental Data Initiative. https://doi.org/10.6073/PASTA/BF18E5856215BD2D4DAB3B024BA87A7E
Long-term composited Enhanced Normalized Difference Impervious Surface Index (ENDISI) for the greater Phoenix, Arizona, USA, metropolitan area and the surrounding Sonoran desert derived from annual and seasonal Landsat imagery, 1998 to 2023
This data package consists of multiple decades of Enhanced Normalized Difference Impervious Surface Index (ENDISI) raster data across the Central Arizona-Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research (CAP LTER) study area within metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, USA, temporally aggregated by year and by four meteorological seasons (winter, spring, summer, fall). To serve as a proxy measurement of impervious surface and urbanization across years and seasons, we derived values of ENDISI – following the methods of Chen et al. 2019 – from annual and seasonal composites of 30-m resolution Landsat 5-9 Level-2 Surface Reflectance imagery. Finally, we exported images as individual GeoTIFF raster files, each with five bands corresponding values summarized annually (band 1) and seasonally (bands 2-5). All imagery retrieval and data processing were completed with Google Earth Engine (Gorelick et al. 2017) and program R. A complete description of data processing methods, including the aggregation of imagery by year and season and the calculation of the spectral index, can be found in the data package metadata (see 'Methods and Protocols') and accompanying Javascript code. ### citations - Gorelick N, Hancher M, Dixon M, et al. (2017) Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote Sensing of Environment 202:18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.06.031
Long-term composited Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for the greater Phoenix, Arizona, USA, metropolitan area and the surrounding Sonoran desert derived from annual and seasonal Landsat imagery, 1998 to 2023
### overview This data package consists of multiple decades of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) raster data across the Central Arizona-Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research (CAP LTER) study area within metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona (USA), temporally aggregated by year and by four meteorological seasons (Winter, Spring, Summer, Fall). To serve as a proxy measurement of vegetation greenness and productivity across years and seasons, NDVI was derived from annual and seasonal composites of 30-m resolution Landsat 5-9 Level-2 Surface Reflectance imagery. All imagery retrieval and data processing were completed with Google Earth Engine (Gorelick et al. 2017) and program R. A complete description of data processing methods, including the aggregation of imagery by year and season and the calculation of the spectral index, can be found in the data package metadata (see 'Methods and Protocols') and accompanying Javascript code. ### citations - Gorelick N, Hancher M, Dixon M, et al. (2017) Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote Sensing of Environment 202:18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.06.031
Annual precipitation and photo-derived vegetation and litter cover (2013-2021) used for analysis in the manuscript “Growing grasses in the desert: Multi-scale Interactions and State Change Reversal in Drylands”
This dataset contains water year precipitation collected from meteorological stations, litter and vegetation cover values derived from overhead photos, and litter and soil accumulation in lateral photos in a long-term experiment (2013-2021) of cross-scale interactions (CSIs) at the Jornada Basin LTER site in southern New Mexico, U.S.A. Manipulations were initiated in 2013 at 15 experimental blocks, each with 4 treatment plots: plant-scale herbicide of mesquite shrubs, patch-scale connectivity modifiers (ConMods), herbicide + ConMods, control without manipulations. Litter, soil, and vegetation cover were estimated using repeat overhead photographs of microplots within treatment and control plots. Litter and soil accumulation were estimated from lateral photos of ConMods. This dataset utilized QuickBird imagery from 2011 to assess ground cover classes within the Jornada Basin, focusing on bare ground, herbaceous, and shrub cover. Daily precipitation data collected from 13 meteorological stations were used to calculate water year (1 October-30 September) precipitation from 2013 through 2021. This dataset provides supporting data for the manuscript "Growing grasses in the desert: Multi-scale Interactions and State Change Reversal in Drylands" by Peters et al.
Long-term composited land surface temperature for the greater Phoenix, Arizona, USA, metropolitan area and the surrounding Sonoran desert derived from annual and seasonal Landsat imagery, 1998 to 2023
This data package consists of multiple decades of land surface temperature (LST) raster data across the Central Arizona-Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research (CAP LTER) study area within metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona (USA), temporally aggregated by year and by four meteorological seasons (Winter, Spring, Summer, Fall). We derived LST values based on the thermal band from annual and seasonal composites of 30-m resolution Landsat 5-9 Level-2 Surface Reflectance imagery. All imagery retrieval and data processing were completed with Google Earth Engine (Gorelick et al. 2017) and program R. A complete description of data processing methods, including the aggregation of imagery by year and season and the calculation of the spectral index, can be found in the data package metadata (see 'Methods and Protocols') and accompanying Javascript code. ### citations: - Gorelick N, Hancher M, Dixon M, et al. (2017) Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote Sensing of Environment 202:18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.06.031
Long-term seasonally and annually aggregated climatic variables for the greater Phoenix, Arizona, USA, metropolitan area and the surrounding Sonoran desert, derived from single-day NASA Daymet images, 2000 to 2022
This data package consists of multiple decades of bioclimatic raster data across the Central Arizona-Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research (CAP LTER) study area within metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, USA, temporally aggregated by year and by four meteorological seasons (winter, spring, summer, fall). We sourced each bioclimatic variable from 1-km resolution gridded estimates of daily climatic data from NASA Daymet V4, including daily mean (ppt) and total precipitation (ppt_sum), daily maximum air temperature (temp_max), daily minimum air temperature (temp_min), incident shortwave radiation flux density (srad), and daily average partial pressure of water vapor (vp). For each of these six variables, we created temporally aggregated raster images by calculating mean pixel-values of each for each season and year, as well as producing a seventh variable of seasonally and annually summed precipitation (ppt_sum). Finally, we exported images as individual GeoTIFF raster files, each with five bands corresponding values summarized annually (band 1) and seasonally (bands 2-5). All imagery retrieval and data processing were completed with Google Earth Engine (Gorelick et al. 2017) and program R. A complete description of data processing methods, including the aggregation of imagery by year and season, can be found in the data package metadata (see 'Methods and Protocols') and accompanying Javascript code. ### citations - Gorelick N, Hancher M, Dixon M, et al. (2017) Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote Sensing of Environment 202:18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.06.031
Annual monitoring of high marsh plots dominated by Juncus and Borrichia at the GCE LTER from 2013 - 2025
Annual monitoring of high marsh plots dominated by Juncus and Borrichia. Plots were established at GCE sites 6 and 10 in 2013, and are monitored annually. The goal is to determine how annual variation in climate and other abiotic factors affects the vegetation composition.
Annual monitoring of mid-marsh grazing scar at eight GCE LTER sampling sites from 2017 - 2025
Damage by chewing herbivores (grazing scars) was measured at eight sampling sites within the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems (GCE) LTER study area annually in July. Visual surveys were conducted along 8 2m by 10m transects randomly allocated within the mid-marsh zone at each site. Herbivore damage was measured by visually estimating the percent area of leaves missing (grazing scars) to haphazardly chosen leaves along the transect. This survey was conducted as part of the GCE invertebrate monitoring program, and will be performed annually to assess long-term changes in relative species abundances across the GCE study area. In 2024 only 3 sites were sampled due to time and weather constraints.
Annual Maps of Mean Winter Temperature for Eastern North America 1951-2009
We developed annual raster maps depicting spatiotemporal variation in mean winter temperature for the purposes of modeling the spread of the hemlock woolly adelgid. The maps are based on the PRISM and WorldClim datasets as described in methods.
Annual Maps of Forest Harvest Events in Maine from LANDSAT Imagery 1986-2019
We used Landsat satellite imagery and forest inventory plot measurements to develop a time series of annual maps representing potential forest harvest events for the state of Maine in the Northeastern US for the years 1986 to 2019. We first generated a set of LandTrendr temporal segmentation results for three different spectral indices. Change results were filtered to remove events greater than two years in duration, then results were combined using a seven-parameter degenerate decision trees model that determined a set of thresholds on disturbance patch size, magnitude of spectral change, and change “votes” across indices. We found that we were able to detect harvest events that removed at least 30% of total basal area with a mean F1 score of 0.72 (σ = 0.02) with a mean false negative error rate (omission) of 0.32 (σ = 0.02) and mean false positive error rate (commission) of 0.23 (σ = 0.03), and these scores further improve when maps are masked to remove human land use (built and agriculture) and water based on National Land Cover Dataset and JRC Global Surface Water classifications (mean F1 = 0.73, σ = 0.02). Comparisons with an out-of-sample reference dataset and an existing national forest disturbance dataset indicate our forest harvest maps are a locally accurate source of information for characterizing spatial and temporal variability in long-term harvest patterns across the industrial forests of northern Maine. Here, we provide annual ensemble-based maps of potential harvest events; cross-validated results, which give an indication of detection agreement across subsets of our forest inventory reference datasets; and ancillary datasets that can be used to mask false detections in urban and agricultural land uses and water.
MCR LTER: Coral Reef: Long-term Community Dynamics: Backreef (Lagoon) Corals Annual Survey, ongoing since 2005 (Reformatted to the ecocomDP Design Pattern)
This data package is formatted as an ecocomDP (Ecological Community Data Pattern). For more information on ecocomDP see https://github.com/EDIorg/ecocomDP. This Level 1 data package was derived from the Level 0 data package found here: https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/metadata/eml/knb-lter-mcr/1038/10. The abstract below was extracted from the Level 0 data package and is included for context: This dataset contains the percentage cover of all stony corals (Scleractinia, pooled among genera) and other major groups analyzed from 0.5 x 0.5 m photographic quadrats at the Backreef habitat at the Moorea Coral Reef LTER, French Polynesia. This survey time series began in 2005 and is repeated each year in April. Functional groups counted are: Scleractinian corals, Macroalgae, Crustose Coralline Algae / Bare Space, Soft Corals, Hydrocorals (Millepora), Algal Turf and Sand. The coral community was sampled photographically in all represented habitats surrounding the island: Fringing Reef, Lagoon, and Outer Reef. This dataset contains only Lagoon (Backreef) data (see knb-lter-mcr.4 for the other habitats) and is structured in a repeated-measures protocol to allow a statistical contrast of sites, shores and times. Community structure was determined through a coarse analysis of the benthic community, initially completed in situ (2005), but using photoquadrats from 2006. There are quadrats analyzed at each of five areas within each site, and the areas are revisited (but not the quadrats) each year to support the repeated measures design. There are two tables available, providing different views of the same data: a long table having all values in one column and a wide table having a separate column for each observed object. Detailed methods are available in the protocols section. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE 16-37396 (and earlier awards) as well as a generous gift from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. R
Life histories of the perennial geophyte Erythronium grandiflorum (Liliaceae) in Colorado subalpine transplant garden from annual measurements, 1991 onward
In an outdoor garden at Irwin, Colorado, we established glacier lily plants in open-bottomed PVC pots that protected them from gopher attack. The initial cohorts were excavated from field sites as mature corms of unknown age. Later cohorts were grown from seed, so their ages are known. Each spring since 1991, we have noted fruit and flower production. In August, after the aboveground parts have died back, we exhume the plants, wash off the soil, weigh the corms, characterize their morphology, photograph them, and replant them. If a corm splits, we replant the pieces in separate pots. The study is ongoing, with 264 plants in 2019. Main findings through 2020: plants produce 0-4 flowers per year, depending on size; most plants flower each year; death is rare, with many plants having survived the entire study; setting a fruit reduces corm substantially (cost of reproduction); plants appear to regulate weight by adjusting flower production, and by splitting; genotypes vary in splitting propensity. Oddly, mortality is higher in very large corms than in mid-sized ones. Evidence for senescence is scant.
Bonanza Creek LTER: Annual Active Layer Depths from 1972 to Present in the Wickersham Fireline Sites near Fairbanks, Alaska
In June of 1971 the Wickersham fire burned 6313 ha and provided an opportunity to study various fire effects. When wildfire burns through a northern black spruce forest there is usually a subsequent increase in depth of thaw, due to the reduction in the depth of the organic layer. The construction of firelines with heavy machinery involves the complete removal of the organic layer and results in an even greater increase in active layer. This study was designed as a long-term comparison between depth of thaw on firelines, burned and unburned open black spruce forest underlain by ice rich permafrost.
Annual mean estimates of aboveground net primary production (NPP) at 15 sites at Jornada Basin LTER, 1989-ongoing
This package contains values of mean annual aboveground net primary production (NPP, in grams per square meter per year) at 15 NPP study sites on Jornada Experimental Range (JER) and Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (CDRRC) lands. Sites were selected to represent the 5 major ecosystem types in the Chihuahuan Desert (upland grasslands, playa grasslands, mesquite-dominated shrublands, creosotebush-dominated shrublands, tarbush-dominated shrublands). For each ecosystem type, three sites were selected to represent the range in variability in production and plant diversity; thus the locations are not replicates. All sites are excluded from domestic grazing. Eleven sites are in non-grazed pastures, and at the other four sites 1 hectare areas around the observational plots were fenced in 1988. At all sites a grid of 49 (48 at one playa location) 1m x 1m replicate quadrats was laid out when sampling began in 1989. In fall, winter, and spring periods aboveground biomass was calculated for each species and quadrat at each NPP site. These calculations rely on two data sources: 1) non-destructive horizontal cover and vertical height measurements of individual plants, or plant parts, within each quadrat, and 2) linear regression coefficients for each plant species derived from off-quadrat cover, height, and harvested biomass measurements. NPP is then calculated as the positive biomass increment between seasons. The annual totals in this dataset are derived by summing mean site NPP values for winter (October - February), spring (February - May), and fall (May - October) increments for a single calendar year. Data collection is ongoing with new annual NPP values calculated after the conclusion of each growing season. Attention: 1) Calculated values in this data package have changed over time as the methodology for estimating biomass has changed. If you are updating or adding to an earlier analysis of these data we recommend consulting with the dataset authors or a Jorna
Biomass of harvested annual and perrenial forbs and grasses along fertilized and unfertilized ecosystem transects at the Jornada Basin LTER site in 1989
This data package contains biomass data for annual or perennial grasses and forbs harvested from quadrats along the Jornada Basin LTER (LTER-I) transects in southern New Mexico, USA. These transects are located in a livestock exclosure established in 1982 in the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (CDRRC) and run from the middle of the College Playa up to the foot of Mt. Summerford (2.7 km in length). Prior to the exclosure, the study site was moderately to heavily grazed for the past 100 years. The Treatment transect was treated annually with ammonium nitrate fertilizer (NH4NO3 at 10g N/m2/yr) until 1987. Along each transect, 91 stations, each with a plant intercept line, are spaced at 30 meter intervals. Each plant intercept line is perpendicular to the transect and is 30 meters in length broken into 5-meter segments. The included dataset includes biomass data for grasses and forbs clipped from 1 square meter quadrats directly downslope from some, but not all, of these segments. The harvest measurements occurred in September 1989. Data consists of the date, transect, station number, quad, JRN and USDA Plants species codes, species binomial, habit, form, and biomass. This study is complete.
Annual Aboveground Net Primary Productivity by plant functional groups across grassland-shrubland ecotones at 3 sites in the Jornada Basin, 2006-ongoing
The objective of this ongoing study is to investigate how pulses of precipitation translate into pulses of plant aboveground net primary productivity (NPP) across grassland to shrubland ecotones in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. This dataset consists of annual aboveground net primary productivity estimates by plant functional groups in three habitat vegetation zones (grassland, ecotone, and shrubland) at three grassland-to-shrubland ecotone sites in the Jornada Basin, Dona Ana County, New Mexico, USA. The annual ANPP estimates are derived from plant cover measurements (see methods). Due to its growth form, Yucca elata (YUEL), in the leaf succulent functional group, has been found to produce large errors in interyear biomass estimates. This data package separates biomass estimates for YUEL and non-YUEL leaf succulents so that users can decide whether to combine them or keep them separate. In general, the authors recommend against using the YUEL estimates for most purposes. Data collection is ongoing with new observations in spring and fall of each year; data from both annual sampling times are required to estimate annual ANPP.
Total Annual Aboveground Net Primary Productivity across grassland-shrubland ecotones at 3 sites in the Jornada Basin, 2006-ongoing
The objective of this ongoing study is to investigate how pulses of precipitation translate into pulses of plant aboveground net primary productivity (NPP) across grassland to shrubland ecotones in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. This dataset consists of annual aboveground net primary productivity estimates in three habitat vegetation zones (grassland, ecotone, and shrubland) at three grassland-to-shrubland ecotone sites in the Jornada Basin, Dona Ana County, New Mexico, USA. The annual ANPP estimates are derived from plant cover measurements (see methods). Due to its growth form, Yucca elata (YUEL) has been found to produce large errors in interyear biomass estimates. This data package contains annual ANPP estimates both with and without YUEL, but the authors strongly recommend using the non-YUEL estimates for most purposes. Data collection is ongoing with new observations in spring and fall of each year; data from both annual sampling times are required to estimate annual ANPP.
PRP01 Konza prairie long term restoration study of aboveground annual net primary productivity (ANPP)
The experiment is a randomized complete block design with four whole plot hetereogeneity treatments replicated within each of four blocks (n=16 whole plots). The whole plot treatments were created using different combinations of soil depth and nutrient manipulations. The control plots contained no depth or nutrient manipulations. The 'maximum hetereogeneity' plots contained three 2 m x 8 m vertical strips assigned to ambient, enriched and reduced N treatments and four 2 m x 6 m horizontal strips assigned to deep and shallow soil to result in six treatment combinations. The maximum heterogeneity plots are a split-block design. Each plot contained 12 subplots (2 m x 2 m) for sampling. All of the plots had surface soil temporarily removed to a depth of approximately 25 cm and natural limestone slabs were laid in strips assigned to the shallow soil treatment. The soil from all plots was then replaced, leveled, and disked (2-3 cm deep). In February 1998, we incorporated sawdust (49% C; C:N ratio=122) into the strips assigned to the reduced-N treatment. The average C concentration and bulk density in the surface 15 cm following long-term cultivation was 1.5% and 1.2 g cm-3, respectively. Sawdust was tilled into the soil at a rate of 5.5 kg dry wt./m2 to achieve a C concentration representative of native prairie soil (approx.3% C). Surface applications of granular sugar were initiated in 2004 at a rate of 200 g sucrose m-2 (84.22 g C/m2) 3-4 times each growing season. Strips assigned to the enriched-N treatment were fertilized with 5 g N m2/y (applied as ammonium-nitrate) in July of the first growing season and early June of each subsequent year.
Lake thermal structure drives inter-annual variability in summer anoxia dynamics in a eutrophic lake over 37 years
Dataset to run a 37-year simulation (1979-2015) of the Lake Mendota lake ecosystem using the vertical 1D GLM-AED2 model. The focus of this modeling study is on determining the drivers of year-to-year variability in the spatial and temporal extent of hypolimnetic anoxia.
Dissolved inorganic nutrients including 5 macro nutrients: silicate, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium from water column bottle samples collected during annual cruise along western Antarctic Peninsula, 1991 - 2024.
The inorganic plant macronutrients dissolved phosphate, silicate, nitrate, nitrite and ammonium are the major sources of nutrition for phytoplankton growth in seawater (with sunlight and inorganic carbon). Macronutrient distributions reflect the large-scale circulation patterns in the oceans and are useful properties to delineate water masses. Dissolved inorganic nutrients samples are typically collected in every CTD/Rosette cast performed on the annual LTER cruises along the western Antarctic Peninsula. In Antarctic waters, dissolved inorganic macronutrients are seldom depleted to limiting concentrations except during heavy prolonged phytoplankton blooms. This is due to the fact that phytoplankton growth is more often limited by light or iron, and to the short growing season. Water samples pre-filtered through 47mm GF/F filters upon collection and samples frozen until analysis. Water samples are analyzed for dissolved nutrients with recognized standard oceanographic protocols for nutrient autoanalyzers (continuous flow analyzers).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.