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97 results for “anolis lizards”
Figure 1 in Multiple paths to aquatic specialisation in four species of Central American Anolis lizards
Figure 1. Plots of the four principal component (PC) axes for males (A + B) and females (C + D). Species denoted as follows: Anolis aquaticus (blue squares), A. lionotus (black diamonds), A. oxylophus (yellow triangles) and A. poecilopus (red circles). (A) PC 1 (head length and width) plotted against PC 2 (body height/body width) for males. (B) PC 3 (hindlimb length) plotted against PC 4 (forelimb length) for males. (C) PC 1 (fore- and hindlimb length) plotted against PC 2 (head length) for females. (D) PC 3 (head height and inter-limb length) plotted against PC 4 (jaw lever) for females.
Data from: Can extreme climatic events induce shifts in adaptive potential? A conceptual framework and empirical test with Anolis lizards
<p>Multivariate adaptation to climatic shifts may be limited by trait integration that causes genetic variation to be low in the direction of selection. However, strong episodes of selection induced by extreme climatic pressures may facilitate future population-wide responses if selection reduces trait integration and increases adaptive potential (i.e., evolvability). We explain this counter-intuitive framework for extreme climatic events in which directional selection leads to increased evolvability and exemplify its use in a case study. We tested this hypothesis in two populations of the lizard <em>Anolis scriptus</em> that experienced hurricane-induced selection on limb traits. We surveyed populations immediately before and after the hurricane as well as the offspring of post-hurricane survivors, allowing us to estimate both selection and response to selection on key functional traits: forelimb length, hindlimb length, and toepad area. Direct selection was parallel in both islands and strong in several limb traits. Even though overall limb integration did not change after the hurricane, both populations showed a non-significant tendency toward increased evolvability after the hurricane despite the direction of selection not being aligned with the axis of most variance (i.e., body size). The population with comparably lower between-limb integration showed a less constrained response to selection. Hurricane-induced selection, not aligned with the pattern of high trait correlations, likely conflicts with selection occurring during normal ecological conditions that favor functional coordination between limb traits, and would likely need to be very strong and more persistent to elicit a greater change in trait integration and evolvability. Future tests of this hypothesis should use G-matrices in a variety of wild organisms experiencing selection due to extreme climatic events. </p>
Figure 1. A in The predator becomes the prey: the katydid Erechthis gundlachi Bolívar, 1888 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) feeding upon the Cuban lizard Anolis homolechis (Cope, 1864) (Squamata: Dactyloidae), with some notes on Hispaniolan Erechthis Bolívar, 1888
Figure 1. A. Male of Anolis viridius Köhler & Blair Hedges, 2016 preying upon Erechthis ayiti at Polo, Bahoruco, southwestern Dominican Republic. B. Female of Anolis cyanostictus Mertens, 1939 preying upon a juvenile female unidentified Conocephalinae at National Botanical Garden, Santo Domingo, southern Dominican Republic. Photos courtesy Fr. Alejandro Sánchez.
Figure 2. Adult female Erechthis gundlachi predating upon a in The predator becomes the prey: the katydid Erechthis gundlachi Bolívar, 1888 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) feeding upon the Cuban lizard Anolis homolechis (Cope, 1864) (Squamata: Dactyloidae), with some notes on Hispaniolan Erechthis Bolívar, 1888
Figure 2. Adult female Erechthis gundlachi predating upon a juvenile male Anolis homolechis at La Gran Piedra, Santiago de Cuba, southeastern Cuba: A. Photographed at nature when found. B. Photographed after preservation, with millimetric scale for reference.
Fig. 3 in Thermoregulation in the Andean lizard Anolis heterodermus (Squamata: Dactyloidae) at high elevation in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia
Fig. 3. (A) Average hourly variation of body temperature (Tb) and operative temperatures (T e) of light exposed, shaded and all models in function of time of the day. Striped area corresponds to preferred temperature interval. (B) Daily activity pattern of Anolis heterodermus (Duméril, 1851).
Fig. 2 in Thermoregulation in the Andean lizard Anolis heterodermus (Squamata: Dactyloidae) at high elevation in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia
Fig. 2. Frequency of body (T b) and operative (T e) temperatures during wet and dry season in Anolis heterodermus (Duméril, 1851). Average values are shown by black arrows. Striped area corresponds to averaged preferred temperature (T pref) interval for both seasons.
Fig. 1 in Thermoregulation in the Andean lizard Anolis heterodermus (Squamata: Dactyloidae) at high elevation in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia
Fig. 1. Thermal gradient scheme: (A) shrubs to create a suitable habitat for liZards in the gradient; (B) cooling packs.
Data from: Can extreme climatic events induce shifts in adaptive potential? A conceptual framework and empirical test with Anolis lizards
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Female dewlap ornaments are evolutionarily labile and associated with increased influence diversification rates in Anolis lizards
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Character displacement in the midst of background evolution in island populations of Anolis lizards: a spatiotemporal perspective
<p>Negative interactions between species can generate divergent selection that causes character displacement. However, other processes cause similar divergence. We use spatial and temporal replication of island populations of <i>Anolis </i>lizards to assess the importance of negative interactions in driving trait shifts. Previous work showed that the establishment of <i>Anolis sagrei </i>drove resident <i>Anolis carolinensis </i>to perch higher and evolve larger toepads. To further test the interaction's causality and predictability, we resurveyed a subset of islands nine years later. <i>Anolis sagrei</i> had established on one island between surveys. We found that <i>A. carolinensis </i>on this island now perch higher and have larger toepads. However, toepad morphology change on this island was not distinct from shifts on six other islands whose <i>Anolis </i>community composition had not changed. Thus, the presence of <i>A. sagrei </i>only partly explains <i>A. carolinensis </i>trait<i> </i>variation across space and time<i>. </i>We also find that <i>A. </i><i>carolinensis</i> on islands with previously established <i>A. sagrei</i> now perch higher than a decade ago, and that current <i>A. carolinensis </i>perch height is correlated with <i>A. sagrei</i> density. Our results suggest that character displacement likely interacts with other evolutionary processes in this system, and that temporal data are key to detecting such interactions.</p>
Data and analysis scripts: Evidence supporting an evolutionary trade-off between material properties and architectural design in Anolis lizard long bones
<p>In biology, 'many-to-one mapping' occurs when multiple morphological forms can meet a particular functional demand. Knowledge of this mapping is crucial for understanding how selection on performance shapes the evolution of morphological diversity. Past research has focused primarily on the potential for geometrically alternative morphological designs to produce equivalent performance outcomes. Here we ask whether the material properties of biological tissues hold similar potential. Through phylogenetic comparative study of <em>Anolis</em> lizards, we show that the architectural design and mineral density of the femur trade off in a many-to-one functional system, yielding a morphospace featuring parallel isolines in size-relative bending strength. Anole femur evolution has largely tracked a narrow band of strength isolines over phylogenetic timescales, suggesting that geometry and mineral content shape the course of macroevolution through compensatory effects on performance. Despite this conserved evolutionary relationship, insular and continental species evolve strong bones differently, likely reflecting underlying ecological differences. Mainland anoles, which exhibit fast-paced life histories, typically have femora with lower mineralization and thinner walls than island species, which exhibit the opposite strategy. Together, our results reveal an overlooked dimension in the relationship between form and function, expanding our understanding of how many-to-one mapping can shape patterns of phenotypic diversity.</p>
Data from: Fixation and preservation contribute to distortion in vertebrate museum specimens: a ten-year study with the lizard Anolis sagrei
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span>Preservation of museum specimens depends on chemical fixation and preservation, processes that might distort the original material. Relatively few studies have examined preservation effects in potentially susceptible soft-bodied taxa like herpetofauna, and those that have rarely extend over more than a few months. We collected six common morphological measurements from the same set of radiographed specimens of the Neotropical lizard Anolis sagrei over nearly ten years to investigate whether morphometric changes result from fixation in formalin and/or subsequent long-term preservation in ethanol. Snout-vent length (SVL) declined 3.5% on average over 10 years, starting almost immediately with fixation and continuing to decline during fluid preservation, eventually leveling off at 40 weeks and beyond. The mostly-ossified component of SVL, spine length, declined 2% on average, but the decline did not begin until fluid preservation commenced and continued throughout the duration of the study. Other characters showed significant decline over the course of the study. Our findings suggest caution when combining fresh and preserved specimens, or specimens of different preservation ages, as a decline in snout-vent length but not in other allometrically proportional characters will introduce error when correcting characters for body size in preserved animals. </span></span></p>
Data from: Conservation and convergence of genetic architecture in the adaptive radiation of anolis lizards
<p>The G matrix, which quantifies the genetic architecture of traits, is often viewed as an evolutionary constraint. However, G can evolve in response to selection and may also be viewed as a product of adaptive evolution. Convergent evolution of G in similar environments would suggest that G evolves adaptively, but it is difficult to disentangle such effects from phylogeny. Here, we use the adaptive radiation of Anolis lizards to ask whether convergence of G accompanies the repeated evolution of habitat specialists, or ecomorphs, across the Greater Antilles. We measured G in seven species representing three ecomorphs (trunk-crown, trunk-ground, and grass-bush). We found that the overall structure of G does not converge. Instead, the structure of G is well conserved and displays a phylogenetic signal consistent with Brownian motion. However, several elements of G showed signatures of convergence, indicating that some aspects of genetic architecture have been shaped by selection. Most notably, genetic correlations between limb traits and body traits were weaker in long-legged trunk-ground species, suggesting effects of recurrent selection on limb length. Our results demonstrate that common selection pressures may have subtle but consistent effects on the evolution of G, even as its overall structure remains conserved.</p>
Data from: Signal detection shapes ornament allometry in functionally convergent Caribbean Anolis and Southeast Asian Draco lizards
<p>Visual ornaments have long been assumed to evolve hyper-allometry as an outcome of sexual selection. Yet growing evidence suggests many sexually-selected morphologies can exhibit other scaling patterns with body size, including hypo-allometry. The large conspicuous throat fan, or dewlap, of arboreal Caribbean Anolis lizards was one ornament previously thought to conform to the classical expectation of hyper-allometry. We re-evaluated this classic example alongside a second arboreal group of lizards that has also independently evolved a functionally equivalent dewlap, the Southeast Asian Draco lizards. Across multiple closely-related species in both genera, the Anolis and Draco dewlaps were either isometric or had hypo-allometric scaling patterns. In the case of the Anolis dewlap, variation in dewlap allometry was predicted by the distance of conspecifics and the light environment in which the dewlap was typically viewed. Signal efficacy therefore appears to have driven the evolution of hypo-allometry in what was originally thought to be a sexually-selected ornament with hyper-allometry. Our findings suggest that other elaborate morphological structures used in social communication might similarly exhibit isometric or hypo-allometric scaling patterns because of environmental constraints on signal detection.</p>
Data from: Artificial light at night increases growth and reproductive output in Anolis lizards
<p>Since the invention of electric lighting, artificial light at night (ALAN) has become a defining, and evolutionarily novel, feature of human-altered environments especially in cities. ALAN imposes negative impacts on many organisms, including disrupting endocrine function, metabolism, and reproduction. However, we do not know how generalized these impacts are across taxa that exploit urban environments. We exposed brown anole lizards, an abundant and invasive urban exploiter, to relevant levels of ALAN in the lab and assessed effects on growth and reproduction at the start of the breeding season. Male and female anoles exposed to ALAN increased growth and did not suffer increased levels of corticosterone. ALAN exposure induced earlier egg-laying, likely by mimicking a longer photoperiod, and increased reproductive output without reducing offspring quality. These increases in growth and reproduction should increase fitness. Anoles, and potentially other taxa, may be resistant to some negative effects of ALAN and able to take advantage of the novel niche space ALAN creates. ALAN and both its negative and positive impacts may play a crucial role in determining which species invade and exploit urban environments.</p>
Data from: Rapid heat hardening in embryos of the lizard Anolis sagrei
<p><span>Adaptive thermal tolerance plasticity can dampen the negative effects of warming. However, our knowledge of tolerance plasticity is lacking for embryonic stages that are relatively immobile and may benefit the most from an adaptive plastic response. We tested for heat hardening capacity (a rapid increase in thermal tolerance that manifests in minutes to hours) in embryos of the lizard <em>Anolis sagrei</em>. We compared survival of a lethal temperature exposure between embryos that either did ('hardened') or did not ('not hardened') receive a high but non-lethal temperature pre-treatment. We also measured heart rates at common garden temperatures before and after heat exposures to assess metabolic consequences. 'Hardened' embryos had significantly greater survival after lethal heat exposure relative to 'not hardened' embryos. That said, heat pre-treatment led to a subsequent increase in embryo heart rate that did not occur in embryos that did not receive pre-treatment, indicative of an energetic cost of mounting the heat hardening response. Our results are consistent with adaptive thermal tolerance plasticity in these embryos (greater heat survival after heat exposure), but also highlight associated costs. Thermal tolerance plasticity may be an important mechanism by which embryos respond to warming that warrants greater consideration. </span></p>
Data from: Detection of evolutionary conserved and accelerated genomic regions related to adaptation to thermal niches in Anolis lizards
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Data and analysis scripts: Evidence supporting an evolutionary trade-off between material properties and architectural design in Anolis lizard long bones
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An aerodynamic perspective on hurricane-induced selection on Anolis lizards
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Data from: Signal detection shapes ornament allometry in functionally convergent Caribbean Anolis and Southeast Asian Draco lizards
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