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Fig. 3 in A modern type of ant-like stone beetle larva preserved in 99-million-year-old Kachin amber (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)

Fig. 3 – Schematic restorations of ant-like stone beetles. A – The new fossil (based on Fig. 1); not to scale. B – Stage 2 larva of the extant species Stenomastigus longicornis (based on Jałoszyński & Kilian 2016 figs 1–4 p. 153); not to scale; note the similarities to the fossil larva. C–G – Restorations of different fossils, all to the same scale for size comparison. C–E – Fossils of adult ant-like stone beetles. C) Clidicostigus arachnipes (based on Jałoszyński et al. 2017 fig. 3A p. 114). D) Cascomastigus monstrabilis (based on Yin et al. 2017b fig. 1a p. 2). E) Cascomastigus minor (based on Yin et al. 2018b fig. 2A; width of body estimated based on the other species). F) The new fossil (same as A), but to scale. G) Estimated size of a possible stage 3 larva following the stage 2 larva which the new fossil presumably represents (by simply resizing the latter to 200%).

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Fig. 2 – Specimen SNHMB.G 8109, Kachin amber. A – Ventral view. B in A modern type of ant-like stone beetle larva preserved in 99-million-year-old Kachin amber (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)

Fig. 2 – Specimen SNHMB.G 8109, Kachin amber. A – Ventral view. B – Detail of head, ventral. C – Colour-marked version of B. D – Detail of trunk appendage. Abbreviations: cl = claw; cx = coxa; de = distal visible element of maxillary palp; fe = femur; gl = possible galea; li = labium; lr = labrum; md = mandible; pe = proximal visible element of maxillary palp; pm = proximal region of maxilla (stipes?); ti = tibio-tarsus; tr = trochanter.

Fig. 6. A–F in Larval juice anyone? The unusual behaviour and morphology of an ant nest beetle larva (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Paussini) from Thailand

Fig. 6. A–F, Paussus siamensis Maruyama, 2016, third instar larva, abdominal terminal disk imaged by SEM. A, terminal disk, apical view; B, margin of left dorsal plate; C, sensilla S–II on margin of left dorsal plate; D, sensilla S–I on apex of left dorsal plate; E, sensilla S–I on medial part of left dorsal plate; F, lateral close-up of a sensillum S–I showing the multilobed crown of radial spines and spinulate surface of the plate. Scale bars = 500 μm [A]; 200 μm [B, E]; 50 μm [C, D]; 10 μm [F].

Fig. 5. A–F in Larval juice anyone? The unusual behaviour and morphology of an ant nest beetle larva (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Paussini) from Thailand

Fig. 5. A–F, Paussus siamensis Maruyama, 2016, third instar larva, details of thorax and abdomen imaged by SEM. A, left legs, ventrolateral view; B, apex of left prothoracic leg, anteroventral view; C, left lateral side of metanotum, showing different types of microsculpture, elongate and spiniform in membranous areas and smooth or slightly corrugated in more sclerotised areas; D, mesothoracic sternum; E, left abdominal spiracle II; F, setipherous socket on abdominal tergal side, showing a remnant of tergite III. Scale bars = 500 μm [A]; 100 μm [B, D]; 50 μm [C]; 40 μm [E]; 10 μm [F].

Fig. 4. A–G in Larval juice anyone? The unusual behaviour and morphology of an ant nest beetle larva (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Paussini) from Thailand

Fig. 4. A–G, Paussus siamensis Maruyama, 2016, third instar larva, details of head capsule imaged by SEM. A, left mandible, dorsal view; B, maxillae, prementum and left mandible, ventral view; C, left antenna, left lateral view; D, right mandible, mesodorsal view; E, right mandible ental surface; F, maxillary palp and galea of right maxilla, dorsal view; G, labial palps, dorsal view. Scale bars = 200 μm [A, B]; 100 μm [C, D, E]; 50 μm [F, G].

Fig. 3. A–E in Larval juice anyone? The unusual behaviour and morphology of an ant nest beetle larva (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Paussini) from Thailand

Fig. 3. A–E, Paussus siamensis Maruyama, 2016, third instar larva. A, head, dorsal view; B, head, right lateral view; C, head, ventral view; D, terminal disk, apical view; E, terminal disk, right lateral view. Scale bars = 500 μm.

Fig. 1. A–D in Larval juice anyone? The unusual behaviour and morphology of an ant nest beetle larva (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Paussini) from Thailand

Fig. 1. A–D, Paussus siamensis Maruyama, 2016. A, environment where the third instar larva was found, together with 9 adults, inside a Pheidole plagiaria nest built inside an abandoned termite mound (Macrotermes sp.); B, adult, dorsal view; C, third instar larva, right lateral view; D, third instar larva interacting with a worker of Pheidole plagiaria (note the drops of clear liquid sucked by the host ant).

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Abb. 1 in Ameisenmimikry bei Larven von Macroxiphus siamensis (Ant-mimicking in larvae of Macroxiphus siamensis) (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae)

Abb. 1: Macroxiphus siamensis. a) Ll; b, c) L2; d) L4; e) Imago

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Can parasitized diamondback moth larvae avoid ant attacks?

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Fig. 16 in Unveiling the morphology of the Oriental rare monotypic ant genus Opamyrma YAMANE, BUI & EGUCHI, 2008 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Leptanillinae) and its evolutionary implications, with first descriptions of the male, larva, tentorium, and sting apparatus

Fig. 16: Distribution map of Opamyrma hungvuong. Type locality, record by CHEN & al. (2017), and new records by the preset study are indicated by circle, square, and stars, respectively.

Fig. 14 in Unveiling the morphology of the Oriental rare monotypic ant genus Opamyrma YAMANE, BUI & EGUCHI, 2008 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Leptanillinae) and its evolutionary implications, with first descriptions of the male, larva, tentorium, and sting apparatus

Fig. 14: Larva of Opamyrma hungvuong, nontype (AKY05vii17-06, China, Guangxi). (A) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of body in lateral view; (B) transmitted light microscopy image of head in dorsal view; (C) SEM image of head in frontal view; (D) SEM image of head in lateral view; (E) SEM image of head in ventral view; (F) SEM image of abdominal terminus in lateral view. Abbreviations: Atn = antenna; Gl = galea; Lbp = labial palp; Lbr = labrum; Mdb = mandible; Mxp = maxillary palp.

Fig. 13 in Unveiling the morphology of the Oriental rare monotypic ant genus Opamyrma YAMANE, BUI & EGUCHI, 2008 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Leptanillinae) and its evolutionary implications, with first descriptions of the male, larva, tentorium, and sting apparatus

Fig. 13: Male genitalia of Opamyrma hungvuong, nontype (Dai19iii2019-029, Son La, Vietnam). (A) genital capsule in dorsal view; (B) genital capsule in ventral view; (C) abdominal sternite IX in ventral view; (D) cupula in ventral view; (E) left paramere with basiventral part of right paramere and cupula, in unfolded outer view; (F) left volsella in lateral view; (G) left penisvalva in lateral view. Abbreviations: Bm = basimere; Cu = cupula; Cs = cuspis; Dg = digitus; Lp = lateral apodeme; Pv = penisvalva; Spl = spinescent lobe; Spc = spiculum; Tm = telomere; Va = valvura.

Fig. 11 in Unveiling the morphology of the Oriental rare monotypic ant genus Opamyrma YAMANE, BUI & EGUCHI, 2008 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Leptanillinae) and its evolutionary implications, with first descriptions of the male, larva, tentorium, and sting apparatus

Fig. 11: Opamyrma hungvuong male, nontype (Dai19iii2019-029, Son La, Vietnam). (A) head in full-face view; (B) head and mesosoma in lateral view; (C) mouthparts in anteroventral view; (D) head and mesosoma in dorsal view; (E) petiole in lateral view; (F) metasoma in lateral view; (G) petiole in ventral view; (H) metasoma in dorsal view. Abbreviations: Atp = anterior tentorial pit; Lbp = labial palp; Lbr = labrum; Mdl = mandalus; Mxp = maxillary palp; Nt = notauli; Pl = parapsidal line; Pv = penisvalva; Tm = telomere; Tsl = tergosternal line.

Fig. 3 in Unveiling the morphology of the Oriental rare monotypic ant genus Opamyrma YAMANE, BUI & EGUCHI, 2008 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Leptanillinae) and its evolutionary implications, with first descriptions of the male, larva, tentorium, and sting apparatus

Fig. 3: Maxillolabial complex of Opamyrma hungvuong worker, nontype (AKY05vii17-06, China, Guangxi). (A) Scanning electron microscope image of maxillolabial complex in ventral view, labrum removed; (B) right maxilla in outer view; (C) labium in lateral view; (D) labium in dorsal view. Abbreviations: Ams = anteromedian sclerite; Gcss = galeal crown's stout seta; Hyp = hypopharynx; Lbp = labial palp; Lcn = lacinia; Mxco = maxillary comb; Mxp = maxillary palp; Mxst = maxillary stipes; Prm = prementum; Sglb = subglossal brush.

Fig. 7 in Unveiling the morphology of the Oriental rare monotypic ant genus Opamyrma YAMANE, BUI & EGUCHI, 2008 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Leptanillinae) and its evolutionary implications, with first descriptions of the male, larva, tentorium, and sting apparatus

Fig. 7: Scanning electron microscope images of legs of Opamyrma hungvuong worker, nontype (AKY05vii17-06, China, Guangxi). (A) strigil of right proleg in anterior view; (B) calcar of strigil of right proleg in anterior view; (C) strigil of right proleg in posterior view; (D) distitarsus of right proleg in posterior view; (E) tibial spurs and basitarsus of right mesoleg in anterior view; (F) tibial spurs and basitarsus of right metaleg in posterior view; (G) pretarsal claws of right metaleg in posteroventral view; (H) tibial spurs of left metaleg in anterior view. Abbreviations: Ats = anterior spur; Ca = calcar; Pts = posterior spur; Ptb = protibia; Pbts = probasitarsus; Ptss = protibial stout seta; Mnb = manubrium; Mstb = mesotibia; Msbts = mesobasitarsus; Mttb = metatibia; Mtbts = metabasitarsus.

Fig. 12 in Unveiling the morphology of the Oriental rare monotypic ant genus Opamyrma YAMANE, BUI & EGUCHI, 2008 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Leptanillinae) and its evolutionary implications, with first descriptions of the male, larva, tentorium, and sting apparatus

Fig. 12: Male wings of Opamyrma hungvuong, nontype (Dai19iii2019-029, Son La, Vietnam). (A) forewing in dorsal view; (B) hind wing in dorsal view. Abbreviations: 1A = first anal vein; Bc = basal cell; C = costal vein; Cc = costal cell; Cu = cubital vein; Mc1 = marginal cell 1; R = radial vein; Rs = radial sector; Sbc = subbasal cell; Sc = subcostal vein; Sdc1 = subdiscal cell 1; Smc = submarginal cell.

Fig. 2 in Unveiling the morphology of the Oriental rare monotypic ant genus Opamyrma YAMANE, BUI & EGUCHI, 2008 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Leptanillinae) and its evolutionary implications, with first descriptions of the male, larva, tentorium, and sting apparatus

Fig. 2: Scanning electron microscope images of cephalic parts of Opamyrma hungvuong worker, nontype (AKY05vii17-06, China, Guangxi). (A) anterior part of head in frontal view; (B) cranium in ventral view; (C) right mandible in dorsal view; (D) right hypostomal process in lateral view; (E) left mandible in ventral view; (F) labrum in outer view. Abbreviations: Ctl = canthellus; Hysp = hypostomal process; Occ = occipital carina; Lbr = labrum; Lps = labral peg-like seta; Mdl = mandalus; Mps = mandibular peg-like seta; Pat = preapical tooth; Ptg = peritorular groove; Ptp = posterior tentorial pit; Sca = supraclypeal area.

Fig. 6 in Unveiling the morphology of the Oriental rare monotypic ant genus Opamyrma YAMANE, BUI & EGUCHI, 2008 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Leptanillinae) and its evolutionary implications, with first descriptions of the male, larva, tentorium, and sting apparatus

Fig. 6: Scanning electron microscope images of mesosoma of Opamyrma hungvuong worker, nontype (AKY05vii17-06, China, Guangxi). (A) whole mesosoma in lateral view; (B) anterior articulation of mesonotum in lateral view, prothorax removed; (C) whole mesosoma in dorsal view; (D) whole mesosoma in ventral view, all legs removed; (E) metapleuron and propodeum in lateral view; (F) prosternite in ventral view, propleurae and prolegs removed. Abbreviations: Mgo = metapleural gland orifice; Mlf = metapleural longitudinal flange; Msg = mesonotal groove; Mstp = mesosternal pit; Mtsp = metanotal spiracle; Pcc = procoxal cavity; Pdl = propodeal lobe.

Fig.10 in Unveiling the morphology of the Oriental rare monotypic ant genus Opamyrma YAMANE, BUI & EGUCHI, 2008 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Leptanillinae) and its evolutionary implications, with first descriptions of the male, larva, tentorium, and sting apparatus

Fig.10: Opamyrma hungvuong queen, nontype (Dai19iii2019-029, Son La, Vietnam). (A) head in full-face view; (B) body in lateral view; (C) head in ventral view; (D) head and mesosoma in dorsal view; (E) Scanning electron microscope image of mesosoma in lateral view; (F) Scanning electron microscope image (SEM) of meso- and metanotum in dorsal view; (G) forewing in dorsal view; (H) hindwing in dorsal view. Abbreviations: Axa = axilla; Axu = axillula; Msg = mesonotal groove; Occ = occipital carina; Pgr = postgenal ridge; Pl = parapsidal line; Prx = preaxilla; Rs = radial sector; Scs = scutoscutellar sulcus.

Fig. 8 in Unveiling the morphology of the Oriental rare monotypic ant genus Opamyrma YAMANE, BUI & EGUCHI, 2008 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Leptanillinae) and its evolutionary implications, with first descriptions of the male, larva, tentorium, and sting apparatus

Fig. 8: Scanning electron microscope images of metasoma of Opamyrma hungvuong worker, nontype (AKY05vii17-06, China, Guangxi). (A) petiole in lateral view; (B) petiole in ventral view; (C) helcium in anterior view; (D) helcium in ventral view; (E) pretergite of abdominal segment IV in dorsal view; (F) gaster in lateral view; (G) gaster in ventral view. Abbreviations: Absg = abdominal segment; Prsn = presternite; Prtg = pretergite; Ptlt = petiolar laterotergite; Ptsn = petiolar sternite; Tss = tergosternal suture.