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51 results for “anthropogenic habitats”
FIGURE 1. Chiridota heheva new species. Approximately 4 in Chiridota heheva, new species, from Western Atlantic deepsea cold seeps and anthropogenic habitats (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida)
FIGURE 1. Chiridota heheva new species. Approximately 4 individuals in situ near whitish bacterial mats (?) at Florida Escarpment seep site, eastern Gulf of Mexico, 3,270 meters. Alvin Dive 1343. Approximate diameter of body 5 mm. Photo, S. Golubic.
FIGURE 3. A – C, E – J in Chiridota heheva, new species, from Western Atlantic deepsea cold seeps and anthropogenic habitats (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida)
FIGURE 3. A – C, E – J, Chiridota heheva new species; D, Chiridota laevis (Fabricius). A, Left ventral radial piece from calcareous ring. Note absence of perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece 1. 9 mm. B, Right ventral interradial piece from calcareous ring; length of piece 1. 6 mm. C, Bipartite right dorsal radial piece from calcareous ring. Note absence of perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece 2. 7 mm. D, Chiridota laevis (Fabricius), bipartite right dorsal radial piece from calcareous ring. Note perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece mm. 1.6 mm. E, Rods from tentacles. Length of longest rod 177 µm. F, Inner surface of wheel from wheel papilla. Diameter of wheel 186 µm. G, Outer surface of wheel from wheel papilla. Diameter of wheel 154 µm. H, Three wheels from wheel papillae, two showing inner surface, one showing outer surface. Largest wheel abnormal in having teeth on margin of inner rim. Diameter of largest wheel 184 µm. I, Wheel in lateral view. Diameter of wheel 132 µm. J, Wheel in slightly oblique view. Diameter of wheel 190 µm.
FIGURE 2. Chiridota heheva new species. A in Chiridota heheva, new species, from Western Atlantic deepsea cold seeps and anthropogenic habitats (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida)
FIGURE 2. Chiridota heheva new species. A, At Bathymodiolus heckeri mussel beds, Blake Ridge, closeup view showing anterior end of body with white spots (wheel papillae), and extended tentacles. Note fingerlike digits forming a fringe around tentacle terminal disc. Approximate diameter of tentacle stem 1 mm. From Van Dover et al., 2003, with permission. B, One individual at Bathymodiolus heckeri mussel beds, Blake Ridge, showing conspicuous white spots (wheel papillae) against bluish ground color of body wall. Approximate diameter of body 5 mm. Shrimp at right center is Alvinocaris sp. From Van Dover et al., 2003, with permission. C, At Central America wreck showing conspicuous white spots (wheel papillae) against bluish ground color of body wall. Image taken from videotape, Charles E. Herdendorf. Size of specimen unknown. D, At Central America wreck, showing extended feeding tentacles with conspicuous, discrete digits. Size of specimen unknown. Image taken from videotape, Charles E. Herdendorf. E, Oral field with 12 tentacles in a partially contracted state. Note absence of a “ ventral gap ” between tentacles. Long axis of mouth is 2 mm. F, Closeup view of contracted tentacles showing infolded digits. G, Partially contracted tentacle showing discrete digits. Approximate length of digits 1. 5 mm.
Fig. 1. Female 12 in New data on lithobiomorph centipedes (Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha) from anthropogenic habitats of Siberia
Fig. 1. Female 12th tibia with a distal spinose projection (indicated by arrow) of Lamyctes africanus (Porath, 1871) from the environs of Unga village, Kemerovskaya Oblast, Russia. Scale: 0.1 mm.
Figure 2 in Impacts of anthropogenic activities and habitat degradation on breeding waterbirds
Figure 2. Distribution and observation frequency of urbanization, industrialization, pollution, overgrazing, disturbance, and illegal reed cutting and burning threats in 2002.
Data from: Genetic effects of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation on remnant animal and plant populations: a meta-analysis
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Data from: Seasonal and anthropogenic effects on niche overlap and habitat selection by sympatric bears (Ursus arctos marsicanus) and wolves (Canis lupus) in a human-dominated landscape
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Breaking ecological barriers: anthropogenic disturbance leads to habitat transitions, hybridization, and high genetic diversity
<p>Genetic diversity is expected to erode in disturbed habitats through strong selection, local extinctions, and recolonization associated with genetic bottlenecks and restricted gene flow. Despite this general prediction and over three decades of population genetics studies, our understanding of the long-term effect of environmental disturbance on local and regional genetic diversity remains limited. We conducted a population genetic survey of the microcrustacean <i>Daphnia</i> across a landscape subject to anthropogenic stressors from a century of industrial mining. At the local scale we found moderate genetic diversity (i.e., low clonal diversity), characteristic of habitat-specific selective sweeps and local extinctions, but high diversity and strong genetic structure at the regional scale despite the shared watershed of many lakes and exceptional dispersal ability of daphniids. Many habitats experienced changes in species assemblages, with the obligate asexual <i>Daphnia pulex</i> lineages—known only to inhabit ponds—dominating disrupted urban lakes. This habitat transition (pond to lake) was likely facilitated by the disruption of ecological barriers maintaining the genomic separation of these young species. Thus, disrupted habitats can exhibit complex and unexpected genetic patterns of local extinctions and recolonizations, followed by habitat transitions, hybridization and potential speciation events that are difficult to predict and should not be underestimated.</p>
Genetic variation in an ephemeral mudflat species: the role of the soil seed bank and dispersal in river and secondary anthropogenic habitats
<p>Many ephemeral mudflat species, which rely on a soil seed bank to build up the next generation, are endangered in their natural habitat due to the widespread regulation of rivers. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the role of the soil seed bank and dispersal for the maintenance of genetic diversity in populations of near-natural river habitats and anthropogenic habitats created by traditional fish farming practices using <i>Cyperus fuscus</i> as a model. Using microsatellite markers, we found no difference in genetic diversity levels between soil seed bank and above-ground population and only moderate differentiation between the two fractions. One possible interpretation is the difference in short-term selection during germination under specific conditions (glasshouse versus field) resulting in an ecological filtering of genotypes out of the reservoir in the soil. River populations harboured significantly more genetic diversity than populations from the anthropogenic pond types. We suggest that altered levels and patterns of dispersal together with stronger selection pressures and historical bottlenecks in anthropogenic habitats are responsible for the observed reduction in genetic diversity. Dispersal is also supposed to largely prohibit genetic structure across Europe, although there is a gradient in private allelic richness from southern Europe and Anatolia (high values) to northern, especially north-western, Europe (low values), which probably relates to postglacial expansion out of southern and/or eastern refugia.</p>
Natural and anthropogenic sources of habitat variation influence exploration behaviour, stress response, and brain morphology in a coastal fish
<p>1. Evolutionary ecology aims to better understand how ecologically important traits respond to environmental heterogeneity. Environments vary both naturally and as a result of human activities, and investigations that simultaneously consider how natural and human-induced environmental variation affect diverse trait types grow increasingly important as human activities drive species endangerment.</p> <p>2. Here, we examine how habitat fragmentation and structural habitat complexity, affect disparate trait types in Bahamas mosquitofish (<em>Gambusia hubbsi</em>) inhabiting tidal creeks. We tested a priori predictions for how these factors might influence exploratory behaviour, stress reactivity, and brain anatomy.</p> <p>3. We examined approximately 350 adult Bahamas mosquitofish from seven tidal creek populations across Andros Island, The Bahamas that varied in both human-caused fragmentation (three fragmented, four unfragmented) and natural habitat complexity (e.g. 5-fold variation in rock habitat).</p> <p>4. Populations that had experienced severe human-induced fragmentation, and thus restriction of tidal exchange from the ocean, exhibited greater exploration of a novel environment, stronger physiological stress responses to a mildly stressful event, and smaller telencephala (relative to body size). These changes matched adaptive predictions based mostly on 1) reduced chronic predation risk and 2) decreased demands for navigating tidally dynamic habitats. Populations from sites with greater structural habitat complexity showed a higher propensity for exploration and a relatively larger optic tectum and cerebellum. These patterns matched adaptive predictions related to increased demands for navigating complex environments.</p> <p>5. Our findings demonstrate environmental variation, including recent anthropogenic impacts (<50 years), can significantly affect complex, ecologically important traits. Yet trait-specific patterns may not be easily predicted, as we found strong support for only six of 12 predictions. Our results further highlight the utility of simultaneously quantifying multiple environmental factors—e.g. had we failed to account for habitat complexity, we would not have detected effects of fragmentation on exploratory behaviours. These responses, and their ecological consequences, may be complex: rapid and adaptive phenotypic responses to anthropogenic impacts can facilitate persistence in human-altered environments, but may come at a cost of population vulnerability if ecological restoration were to occur without consideration of the altered traits. </p>
Data from: Occurrence-habitat mismatching and niche truncation when modelling distributions affected by anthropogenic range contractions
<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Human-induced pressures such as deforestation cause anthropogenic range contractions (ARCs). Such contractions present dynamic distributions that may engender data misrepresentations within species distribution models. The temporal bias of occurrence data—where occurrences represent distributions before (past bias) or after (recent bias) ARCs—underpins these data misrepresentations. Occurrence-habitat mismatching results when occurrences sampled before contractions are modelled with contemporary anthropogenic variables; niche truncation results when occurrences sampled after contractions are modelled without anthropogenic variables. Our understanding of their independent and interactive effects on model performance remains incomplete but is vital for developing good modelling protocols. Through a virtual ecologist approach, we demonstrate how these data misrepresentations manifest and investigate their effects on model performance.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Virtual Southeast Asia</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> Using 100 virtual species, we simulated ARCs with 100-year land-use data and generated temporally biased (past, recent) occurrence datasets. We modelled datasets with and without a contemporary land-use variable (conventional modelling protocols) and with a temporally dynamic land-use variable. We evaluated each model's ability to predict historical and contemporary distributions.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Greater ARC resulted in greater occurrence-habitat mismatching for datasets with past bias and greater niche truncation for datasets with recent bias. Occurrence-habitat mismatching prevented models with the contemporary land-use variable from predicting anthropogenic-related absences, causing overpredictions of contemporary distributions. Although niche truncation caused underpredictions of historical distributions (environmentally suitable habitats), incorporating the contemporary land-use variable resolved these underpredictions, even when mismatching occurred. Models with the temporally dynamic land-use variable consistently outperformed models without.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions:</strong> We showed how these data misrepresentations can degrade model performance, undermining their use for empirical research and conservation science. Given the ubiquity of anthropogenic range contractions, these data misrepresentations are likely inherent to most datasets. Therefore, we present a three-step strategy for handling data misrepresentations: maximise the temporal range of anthropogenic predictors, exclude mismatched occurrences, and test for residual data misrepresentations.</p>
Sex-specific shifts in morphology and diet in a frog after 50 years of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation
<p><span>Aim:</span><span> Phenotypic shifts are commonly observed when animals face insular habitat change and may reflect ongoing stresses on individuals. However, the generality and the driving processes of this 'island rule' remain equivocal, notably in amphibians. Here, we</span> <span>investigate both morphological and dietary shifts in a frog using a mosaic of human-created islands to assess the potential operating mechanisms underlying these phenotypic responses</span>.</p> <p><span>Location: </span><span>Thousand Island Lake, China.</span></p> <p><span>Taxon: </span><span>The Chinese piebald odorous frog, Odorrana schmackeri.</span></p> <p><span>Results:</span><span> W</span>e found insular dwarfism in female<span> but not male</span> frogs.<span> Meanwhile, insular females also had smaller gape widths after accounting for snout-vent lengths (SVLs) than mainland females. According to SEMs</span>, resource availability <span>had a direct positive effect on </span>body size. <span>Finally, d</span>iet composition <span>differed</span> between island and mainland<span> populations, but only in females. Males and females on islands</span> exhibited <span>greater</span> <span>overlaps in </span>diet.</p> <p><span>Main conclusions:</span><span> In contrast with most studies in amphibians</span><span>, we found insular dwarfism rather than gigantism in females. The smaller gape width after accounting for SVL in insular females suggests potential changes in prey utilization or food availability on these human-created islands. This notion is </span><span>further </span><span>supported</span><span> by the differentiation of diet composition between island and mainland females. The higher diet overlap between sexes implies stronger intersexual competition for food resources after habitat fragmentation. Overall, we found shifts in morphology and diet in frogs which may implicate the influence of habitat fragmentation and underscores the need to consider intersexual differences when assessing responses of species to anthropogenic disturbances.</span></p>
Ecological drivers of avian diversity in a subtropical landscape: effects of habitat diversity, primary productivity and anthropogenic disturbance
<p>Understanding the roles of ecological drivers in shaping biodiversity is fundamental for conservation practice. In this study, we explored the effects of elevation, conservation status, primary productivity, habitat diversity, and anthropogenic disturbance (represented by human population density and birding history) on taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional avian diversity in a subtropical landscape in southeastern China. We conducted bird surveys using 1-km transects across a total of 30 sites, of which 10 sites were located within a natural reserve. Metrics of functional diversity were calculated based on six functional traits (body mass, clutch size, dispersal ratio, sociality, diet and foraging stratum). We built simultaneous autoregression models to assess the association between the ecological factors and diversity of the local avian communities. Local avian diversity generally increased with increasing habitat diversity, human population density and primary productivity. We also detected phylogenetic and functional clustering in these communities, suggesting that the avian assemblages were structured mainly by environmental filtering, rather than interspecific competition. Compared to sites outside the natural reserve, sites within the natural reserve had relatively lower avian diversity but a higher level of phylogenetic heterogeneity.</p>
Data for: Beyond simple habituation: Anthropogenic habitats influence the escape behavior of spur-winged lapwings in response to both human and non-human threats
<p>Habitat development may affect wildlife behavior, favoring individuals or behaviors that cope better with perceived threats (predators). Bolder behaviors in human-dominated habitats (HDH; e.g., urban and rural settlements) may represent habituation specifically to humans, or a general reduction in predator-avoidance response. However, such carry-over effects across threat types (i.e., beyond humans) and phases of the escape sequence have not been well studied to date. Here we investigated escape behaviors of a locally common wader species, the spur-winged lapwing (Vanellus spinosus). We assayed their flight initiation distance (FID) and subsequent escape behaviors in agricultural areas and in HDH. We found that lapwings in HDH were bolder, and that the difference was manifested in several phases of the predator-avoidance sequence (shorter FIDs, shorter distances fled, and a higher probability of escape by running vs. flying). When re-approached (by an observer) after landing, lapwings in HDH were also more repetitive in their FID than those in other habitats. To determine whether this apparent bolder behavior in HDH areas is merely a consequence of habituation to humans or represents a broader behavioral change, we introduced an additional threat type – a remotely-operated taxidermic jackal ("Jack-Truck"). Finding bolder responses in the HDH to the human threat alone (and not to the Jack-Truck) could have supported the habituation hypothesis. In contrast, however, we found a bolder response in the HDH to both threat types, as well as a correlation between their FIDs across different sites. These bolder behaviors suggest that HDH impose a broader behavioral change on lapwings, rather than just simple habituation. Overall, our findings demonstrate how FID trials can reveal strong behavioral carry-over effects of HDH following human and non-human threats, including effects on the subsequent phases of escaping the predator. Further, FID assays may reveal consistent behavioral types when assessed under field conditions, and offer a direct way to differentiate among the various poorly understood and non-mutually exclusive mechanisms that lead to behavioral differences among organisms in HDH. The mechanistic perspective is essential for understanding how rapid urbanization impacts wildlife behavior, populations, and the range of behaviors within them, even in species apparently resilient to such environmental changes.</p>
Genetic variation in an ephemeral mudflat species: the role of the soil seed bank and dispersal in river and secondary anthropogenic habitats
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Breaking ecological barriers: anthropogenic disturbance leads to habitat transitions, hybridization, and high genetic diversity
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Sex-specific shifts in morphology and diet in a frog after 50 years of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation
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Ecological drivers of avian diversity in a subtropical landscape: effects of habitat diversity, primary productivity and anthropogenic disturbance
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Natural and anthropogenic sources of habitat variation influence exploration behaviour, stress response, and brain morphology in a coastal fish
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Anthropogenic landscape features affect the ground habitat use of Penelope superciliaris (Cracidae), a large seed disperser bird in southeastern Brazil
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.