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11 results for “anthropogenic mortality”
Data from: "Dead birds flying": Can North American rehabilitated raptors released into the wild mitigate anthropogenic mortality?
<p>As the human footprint expands to meet societal energy needs, so do the impacts on wildlife. Raptors in particular are highly susceptible to anthropogenic caused mortality. Industry sectors are encouraged to offset these causes of mortality. Several options to mitigate these losses have been proposed, including raptor rehabilitation. However, its role as a conservation tool is untested. Currently, no peer-reviewed demographic analyses exist using post-release data from rehabilitated raptors to evaluate its effectiveness at continental scales. Our objectives were to estimate annual survival of rehabilitated and wild raptors, and then use those estimates in demographic models to assess potential effects at individual and population levels. We hypothesized that rehabilitated raptors would survive similarly to their wild counterparts after an acclimation period, and that longer-lived species (<em>K-</em>selected) would benefit most from these releases. We used U.S. Geological Survey Bird Banding Lab band-recovery data (1974 – 2018) from 20 raptor species for modeling survival of rehabilitated individuals (<em>n </em>= 125,740) in comparison to wild birds (<em>n </em>= 1,913,352). Results from 17 species with adequate recovery data indicated that 5 species rehabilitated ≠ wild survival, 2 species had uncertain estimates, and 10 species rehabilitated ≈ wild survival by years 2 and 3 post-release. We acquired admission (<em>n </em>= 69,707) and release (<em>n = </em>25,740) data from 24 rehabilitation centers across the U.S. (2012-2021). We integrated survival, fecundity, and numbers of releases into demographic models. These models quantified the extent to which rehabilitated raptors may contribute to broader conservation efforts, especially in the context of individual take. All but two species had measurable numbers of individuals added to the population regardless of the number of releases. The general pattern was for <em>K</em>-selected species to yield larger benefits from rehabilitated supplementation to the population. These results provide evidence that rehabilitation may serve as a mitigation tool to offset incidental take.</p>
Quantifying uncertainty in anthropogenic causes of injury and mortality for an endangered baleen whale
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Data from: “Dead birds flying”: Can North American rehabilitated raptors released into the wild mitigate anthropogenic mortality?
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Data from: The sensitivity of seabird populations to density-dependence, environmental stochasticity and anthropogenic mortality
1.The balance between economic growth and wildlife conservation is a priority for many governments. Enhancing realism in assessment of population‐level impacts of anthropogenic mortality can help achieve this balance. Population Viability Analysis (PVA) is commonly applied to investigate population vulnerability, but outcomes of PVA are sensitive to formulations of density‐dependence, environmental stochasticity and life‐history. Current practice in marine assessments is to use precautionary models that assume no compensation from density‐dependence or rescue‐effects via "re‐seeding" from other colonies. However, if we could empirically quantify regulatory population processes, the responses of populations to additional anthropogenic mortality may be assessed with more realism in PVA. 2. Using Bayesian state‐space models fitted to population time‐series from three sympatric seabird populations, selected for varied life histories, we inferred the extent to which their dynamics are driven by environmental stochasticity and density‐dependence. 3. Based on these inferences, we conducted an exhaustive PVA across credible parameterisations for intrinsic and extrinsic population regulation, simulated as a closed and re‐seeded system. Scenarios of anthropogenic mortality, along a sliding scale of precaution, were applied both proportionally and as a fixed quota using Potential Biological Removal (PBR). 4. Baseline results from fitting revealed clear environmental regulation in two of our three species. Crucially, we found that for our empirically derived, realistic model parameterisations there are risks of decline to real populations even under very precautionary mortality scenarios. We find that PBR is dubious in application as a sustainable tool for population assessment when we account for regulation. Closed versus re‐seeded models showed a large divergence in outcomes, with sharper declines in closed simulations. Fixed‐quota mortality typically induced greater population declines comparative to proportional mortality, subject to regulation and re‐seeding. 5. Synthesis and applications: Practitioners using arbitrary formulations of population regulation risk over‐precaution (economic constraint) or under‐precaution (endangering populations). The demands of increased economic development and preservation of wildlife require that methodologies apply techniques that confer reality and rigour to assessment. The current practice of employing models lacking density‐dependence and empirical environmental information imposes limitations in the efficacy of estimating impacts. Here, we provide a method to quantify the conditions that predominantly regulate a population and exacerbate the risk of decline from anthropogenic mortality. It is in the interests of both developers and conservationists to apply methods in population impact assessments that capture realism in the processes driving population dynamics.
Data from: Post‐independence mortality of juveniles is driven by anthropogenic hazards for two passerines in an urban landscape
Urban environments impose novel selection pressures with varying impacts across species and life history stages. The post‐fledging stage for migratory passerines, defined as the period of time from when hatch‐year birds fledge until their first migration, is a poorly understood component of annual productivity that potentially limits population growth. We studied two migratory passerines with positive and negative population responses to urbanization, respectively: Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis) and Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina). Our goals were to estimate post‐fledging survival rates for urban bird populations and determine which features of the urban landscape impact mortality risk during the post‐fledging stage. From 2012–2014, we tracked 127 fledglings (60 Gray Catbirds and 67 Wood Thrushes). Over 55 days after fledging, cumulative survival of Gray Catbirds (0.32 [95% CI: 0.22–0.47]) was approximately half that of Wood Thrushes (0.63 [95% CI: 0.52–0.75]). Thus, survival rates during the post‐fledging stage, taken in isolation, do not explain differential trajectories of Gray Catbird and Wood Thrush populations in urban environments. Most mortality (86%) for both species was due to predation. However, after reaching independence from parental care, 6 birds (9.4% of mortalities) died of anthropogenic causes (e.g. building, car strikes). Crossing roads significantly increased mortality risk, but increasing daily movement distance decreased mortality risk. Our results raise the question of whether anthropogenic sources of mortality are compensatory or additive to natural mortality; we emphasize the need to monitor fledgling survival beyond the parental‐dependence stage in order to fully understand the impacts of anthropogenic hazards on juvenile birds.
Data from: The landscape of anthropogenic mortality: how African lions respond to spatial variation in risk
1. Demography and conservation status of many wild organisms are increasingly shaped by interactions with humans. This is particularly the case for large, wide ranging carnivores. 2. Using 206 mortality records (1999-2012) of lions in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, we calculated mortality rates for each source of anthropogenic mortality, modelled risk of anthropogenic mortality across the landscape accounting for time lions spent in different parts of the landscape, and assessed whether subsets of the population were more at risk. 3. Anthropogenic activities caused 88% of male and 67% of female mortalities; male mortality being dominated by trophy hunting while the sources for female mortality were more varied (snaring, retaliatory killing, hunting). 4. Landscapes of anthropogenic mortality risk revealed that communal subsistence farming areas, characterized by high risk (due to retaliatory killing) but avoided by lions, are population sinks. Trophy hunting areas and areas within protected areas bordering communal farmland, where bush-meat snaring is prevalent, form 'ecological traps' (or 'attractive sinks'). 5. Lions avoided risky areas, suggesting they may make behavioural decisions based on perceptions of risk. Experienced adults used risky areas less and incorporated lower proportions of them in their home ranges than young individuals, suggesting that the latter may either be naïve or forced into peripheral habitats. Synthesis and applications: This paper contributes to an understanding of the way in which carnivore populations are affected by anthropogenic mortality across the conservation landscape. This is critical to designing focussed, appropriate and cost effective conservation management strategies. Agricultural areas are intuitively identified by conservationists as being risky for carnivores due to retaliatory or pre-emptive killing, with threats largely mitigated against by improving livestock protection. However, parts of protected areas may also form less easily identified 'attractive sinks' for carnivores. In particular, trophy hunting adjacent to national parks needs careful management to avoid damaging effects of overhunting. Law enforcement is needed to reduce the effects of bush-meat poaching on predators and other wildlife in protected areas. To be most effective, resource limited anti-poaching activities should prioritise wildlife rich areas close to human settlement as these tend to be hotspots for bush-meat poaching.
Data from: Post‐independence mortality of juveniles is driven by anthropogenic hazards for two passerines in an urban landscape
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Data from: The sensitivity of seabird populations to density-dependence, environmental stochasticity and anthropogenic mortality
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Data from: The landscape of anthropogenic mortality: how African lions respond to spatial variation in risk
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Potential risk zone for anthropogenic mortality of carnivores in Gandaki province, Nepal
<p>Anthropogenic pressures in human-dominated landscapes often contribute to wildlife mortality. Carnivores are especially vulnerable to human-induced mortality due to the perceived threat to livestock and humans. Despite having widespread conservation implications, carnivore mortality data has been largely underutilized within Nepal. This study utilized Maxent to identify high-risk areas and explore the contribution of habitat attributes associated with carnivore mortality using the casualty database within the Gandaki province of central Nepal. We categorized the risk to carnivore species in three taxonomic groups: Felid, Viverridae, and Herpestidae, and identified a 3704 km2 area within the province at high risk for carnivore casualty. The middle mountains were the riskiest physiographic zone, and the Annapurna Conservation Area represented the largest risk zone among the four protected areas. Agricultural land was the most problematic area in terms of carnivore casualty. The human population was positively associated with high-risk areas and the number of casualties, whereas protected area cover had a negative association. This study identified that the common leopard was at the highest risk of mortality and therefore would benefit from the implementation of an action plan and species-specific conservation strategies, especially within identified high-risk zones. An expansion of protected areas in the middle mountain region would serve to greatly reduce carnivore casualty. Species distribution modeling can be further used with national-level spatial and temporal mortality data to identify the most prominent casualty times and pinpoint potential casualty locations throughout the country.</p>
Potential risk zone for anthropogenic mortality of carnivores in Gandaki province, Nepal
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