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Fig. 7 in Comparative spermatozoa ultrastructure of neotropical grass frogs (genus Leptodactylus) with comments on anuran reproductive modes and phylogeny

Fig. 7. Optimization of ultrastructural characters (characters 6 to 8, and 11 to 13) of the spermatozoa on a pruned phylogenetic hypothesis for Leptodactylidae. See list of characters and bibliographic sources in Table 3. Colors correspond to: gray, ambiguity; blue, state 0; red, state 1.

Fig. 8 in Comparative spermatozoa ultrastructure of neotropical grass frogs (genus Leptodactylus) with comments on anuran reproductive modes and phylogeny

Fig. 8. Taxonomic distribution and optimization of 11 selected ultrastructural characters of the spermatozoa on the phylogenetic hypothesis of Leptodactylus proposed by de S´a et al. (2014) and subsequent modifications (see materials and methods section). Numbers refer to characters described in Results section.

Fig. 6 in Comparative spermatozoa ultrastructure of neotropical grass frogs (genus Leptodactylus) with comments on anuran reproductive modes and phylogeny

Fig. 6. Optimization of reproductive modes and ultrastructural characters (characters 1 to 5) of the spermatozoa on a pruned phylogenetic hypothesis for Leptodactylidae (see section "Optimization" in Materials and Methods). See list of characters and bibliographic sources in Tables 1 and 3 Colors correspond to: gray, ambiguity; blue, state 0; red, state 1; green, state 2; orange, state 3; black, state 4.

Fig. 4 in Comparative spermatozoa ultrastructure of neotropical grass frogs (genus Leptodactylus) with comments on anuran reproductive modes and phylogeny

Fig. 4. Transmission electron microscopy of spermatozoa of species of the Leptodactylus melanonotus group. A: L. melanonotus. LS of the acrosomal vesicle and nuclei (n). Note the long and thick acrosomal vesicle (av) and the reduced sub-acrosomal space (ss). B: L. validus. TS showing acrosomal vesicle (ac) and nuclei (n) at different levels. Note the thickness of the acrosomal vesicle and of the acrosomal space. The conical shape of the nucleus is observed in the different cross-sections. C: L. podicipinus. LS of the acrosomal complex-nuclei (n), with the organelle-free cytoplasmic region (black arrowhead) present. D. L. wagneri. LS of the posterior region of the nucleus (n), showing the asymmetrical nuclear fossa (nf) and the transverse striations (ts). E: L.validus. LS of the posterior nuclear region. Note the symmetrical fossa with the proximal (pc) and distal (dc) centrioles. F: L. wagneri. TS of the axoneme (a) and paraxonemal rod (pr) separated from the mitochondrial collar (mc) by the cytoplasmic canal (cc). G-H: L. wagneri, L. melanonotus. TSs of the tail showing the axoneme (a) associated to the juxtaxonemal fiber (jf), and the axial fiber (af) attached to the other components of the tail by the undulating membrane (o). I: L. leptodactyloides. Terminal region of the tail where the axoneme (a) is the only element of the tail. Scales bars: C, D, H, I = 0.5 µm; A, E-G = 0.2 µm; B = 1 µm.

Fig. 1. A-B in Comparative spermatozoa ultrastructure of neotropical grass frogs (genus Leptodactylus) with comments on anuran reproductive modes and phylogeny

Fig. 1. A-B: Schematic reconstruction of the morphology of the two types of spermatozoa observed in the genus Leptodactylus. Note that the main difference between the two morpho-types is the presence of the organelle-free cytoplasmic region between the acrosomal vesicle and the other end of the nucleus. Dashed lines indicate the cross-section represented on the right-hand side of the image.

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Figure 2 in Reproductive biology of direct developing and threatened frog Adelophryne maranguapensis (Anura, Eleutherodactylidae) reveals a cryptic reproductive mode for anurans and the first record of parental care for the genus

Figure 2. Climatic parameters in Serra de Maranguape between the months of April 2010 and April 2012. Precipitation (columns); maximum relative humidity of air (blue line), minimum relative humidity of air (blue dashes), maximum temperature (red line), minimum temperature (red dashes), musical note (occurrence of vocalisations), egg (presence of egg masses); * without field work.

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Figure 1 in Functional necrophilia: a profitable anuran reproductive strategy?

Figure 1. Necrophilia in Rhinella proboscidea in a central Amazonian headwater stream. Thousands of eggs (arrow) from a single reproductive event, in a small patch of a headwater stream (A). Two males in a battle for a drowned female. The larger (arrowed) is in amplexus and compressing the female's abdomen with his legs, which resulted in expulsion of the oocytes (B). Male compressing the abdomen of a dead female, which resulted in expulsion of her oocytes (C).

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Figure 3 in Reproductive biology of direct developing and threatened frog Adelophryne maranguapensis (Anura, Eleutherodactylidae) reveals a cryptic reproductive mode for anurans and the first record of parental care for the genus

Figure 3. Female Adelophryne maranguapensis showing parental care activity (clutch 13, Table 1).

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Figure 1 in Reproductive biology of direct developing and threatened frog Adelophryne maranguapensis (Anura, Eleutherodactylidae) reveals a cryptic reproductive mode for anurans and the first record of parental care for the genus

Figure 1. Fieldwork areas. Riacho Beija-flor (a) and Pico da Rajada (b).

Figure 7 from: Sandberger-Loua L, Müller H, Rödel M-O (2017) A review of the reproductive biology of the only known matrotrophic viviparous anuran, the West African Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10489

Figure 7 - Foetal digestive system. Exceptional for an anuran foetus is the straight and differentiated gut, with an oesophagus, the transparent and the dark intestines (stomach) and a rectum, as well as the large liver lobes. Additionally, shown are small lungs (as well small in adults), the heart, kidney and gonads. Redrawn after Angel and Lamotte (1944a).

Figure 6 from: Sandberger-Loua L, Müller H, Rödel M-O (2017) A review of the reproductive biology of the only known matrotrophic viviparous anuran, the West African Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10489

Figure 6 - "Birthing posture" in Nimba toads. A: gestating Nimba toad; the grey shading indicates the size and position of the enlarged distal parts of the oviduct (uterus), B: shows the "birthing posture", in which females build a double W with their legs and increase pressure on their uteri. Compare the position of legs on the photograph on the right (C) of a female giving birth, showing likewise the double W, of the legs. A and B are redrawn after Vilter (1956a).

Figure 2 from: Sandberger-Loua L, Müller H, Rödel M-O (2017) A review of the reproductive biology of the only known matrotrophic viviparous anuran, the West African Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10489

Figure 2 - Rainy and dry season at Nimba. The rainy season (top) is characterised by persistent fog and rain, whereas the dry season (middle) is characterised by little rain, high temperature fluctuations and dry season fires. After dry season fires the grasses sprout very fast (bottom, © Nèma Soua Loua).

Figure 12 from: Sandberger-Loua L, Müller H, Rödel M-O (2017) A review of the reproductive biology of the only known matrotrophic viviparous anuran, the West African Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10489

Figure 12 - Summary of the temporal development of the foetus and male and female reproductive system. The outer layer gives the months as abbreviations and the seasons by colour (yellow: dry season, blue: rainy season). Toads mate between mid-September and mid-October on average, are going underground mid-October and emerge in mid-March from their dormancy sites. Juveniles are born in mid-June (pictograms). Spermatogenesis shows the development within the male reproductive system. Foetal growth gives the speed of development and growth. The uterus shows three phases: a proliferation phase in which the uterine epithelium develops, a secretion phase during the gestation and an apoptosis phase during which the uterine epithelium is completely exchanged (old one removed and new one built). The ovary has two phases: the follicles phase, characterised by follicle growth and the luteal phase characterised by the presence of corpora lutea. Within the female pituitary three cell types show variation within the annual cycle, the glycoprotein type 1 cells and the protein type 1 and type 2 cells. Within the male pituitary as well three cell types show variation (not shown), glycoprotein type 1 cells and glycoprotein type 2 cells in the same way as those of females, whereas protein type 2 cells are only present in July/ August.

Figure 4 from: Sandberger-Loua L, Müller H, Rödel M-O (2017) A review of the reproductive biology of the only known matrotrophic viviparous anuran, the West African Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10489

Figure 4 - Female and male cloaca of Nimba toads and a pair in amplexus. The female cloaca (top left) is close to the urostyle, whereas the male cloaca (top right) is ventrally oriented. During mating it swells and encloses the female cloaca. During the amplexus lumbalis the female is constantly horizontally swaying (bottom).

Figure 1 from: Sandberger-Loua L, Müller H, Rödel M-O (2017) A review of the reproductive biology of the only known matrotrophic viviparous anuran, the West African Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10489

Figure 1 - The Nimba mountains. Left: elevation map of the Nimba mountains, with an inset map showing the position of the Nimba mountains within West Africa. Right: a large part of the Nimba mountains showing the steep slopes, the high altitude grasslands, the forests in the lowlands and the ravines.

Figure 5 from: Sandberger-Loua L, Müller H, Rödel M-O (2017) A review of the reproductive biology of the only known matrotrophic viviparous anuran, the West African Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10489

Figure 5 - Foetal labial papillae. Labial papillae are forming during stage Ia (left) and are well developed at stage Ib (right). See foetal development for more information on developmental stages. Redrawn after Lamotte and Xavier (1972b).

Figure 10 from: Sandberger-Loua L, Müller H, Rödel M-O (2017) A review of the reproductive biology of the only known matrotrophic viviparous anuran, the West African Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10489

Figure 10 - Experiments on female ovary, oviduct and uterus removal. Shown are the positions of eggs in the uteri after unilateral ovariectomy (A), after unilateral ovariectomy and the connection between oviduct and uteri bound at the side with the still present ovary (B), unilateral ovariectomy and the oviduct and uterus at the side of the still present ovary removed (C) and the unilateral removal of the oviduct and the uterus without ovariectomy (D). The red cross indicates the ovary removed, the red lines indicate positions where either oviduct (B) or the uterus (C and D) were bound. The two-headed arrow with the two red lines indicates that eggs apparently do not wander from one uterus to the other passing the common tube. Redrawn after Xavier (1971).

Figure 11 from: Sandberger-Loua L, Müller H, Rödel M-O (2017) A review of the reproductive biology of the only known matrotrophic viviparous anuran, the West African Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10489

Figure 3 from: Sandberger-Loua L, Müller H, Rödel M-O (2017) A review of the reproductive biology of the only known matrotrophic viviparous anuran, the West African Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10489

Figure 3 - Nimba toad females. Left: a young female towards the end of the rainy season. Right: a large gestating female in June, shortly before parturition.