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11 results for “apparent competition”
Host-enemy interactions provide limited biotic resistance for a range-expanding species via reduced apparent competition
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Aim:</span></strong><span> As species' ranges shift poleward in response to anthropogenic change, they may lose antagonistic interactions if they move into less diverse communities, fail to interact with novel populations or species effectively, or if ancestral interacting populations or species fail to shift synchronously. We leveraged a poleward range expansion in a tractable insect host-enemy community to uncover mechanisms by which altered antagonistic interactions between native and recipient communities contributed to "high niche opportunities" (limited biotic resistance) for a range-expanding insect. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Location:</span></strong><span> North America, Pacific Northwest</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Methods:</span></strong><span> We created quantitative insect host-enemy interaction networks by sampling oak gall wasps on 400 trees of a dominant oak species in the native and expanded range of a range-expanding gall wasp species. We compared host-enemy network structure between regions. We measured traits (phenology, morphology) of galls and interacting parasitoids, predicting greater trait divergence in the expanded range. We measured function relating to host control and explored if altered interactions and traits contributed to reduced function or biotic resistance.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Results:</span></strong><span> Interaction networks had fewer species in the expanded range and lower complementarity of parasitoid assemblages among host species. While networks were more generalized, interactions with the range-expanding species were more specialized in the expanded range. Specialist enemies effectively tracked the range-expanding host, and there was reduced apparent competition with co-occurring hosts by shared generalist enemies. Phenological divergence of enemy assemblages interacting with the range-expanding and co-occurring hosts was greater in the expanded range, potentially contributing to weak apparent competition. Biotic resistance was lower in the expanded range, where fewer parasitoids emerged from galls of the range-expanding host.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Main conclusions:</span></strong><span> Changes in interactions with generalist enemies created high niche opportunities, and limited biotic resistance, suggesting weak apparent competition may be a mechanism of enemy release for range-expanding insects embedded within generalist enemy networks.</span></p>
Host-enemy interactions provide limited biotic resistance for a range-expanding species via reduced apparent competition
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Data from: Using predator-prey theory to predict outcomes of broad-scale experiments to reduce apparent competition
Apparent competition is an important process influencing many ecological communities. We used predator-prey theory to predict outcomes of ecosystem experiments aimed at mitigating apparent competition by reducing primary prey. Simulations predicted declines in secondary prey following reductions in primary prey because predators consumed more secondary prey until predator numbers responded to reduced prey densities. Losses were exacerbated by a higher carrying capacity of primary prey and a longer lag time of the predator's numerical response, but a gradual reduction in primary prey was less detrimental to the secondary prey. We compared predictions against two field experiments where endangered woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) were victims of apparent competition. First, when deer (Odocoileus sp.) declined suddenly following a severe winter, cougar (Puma concolor) declined with a 1–2-year lag, yet in the interim more caribou were killed by cougars, and caribou populations declined by 40%. Second, when moose (Alces alces) were gradually reduced using a management experiment, wolf (Canis lupus) populations declined but did not shift consumption to caribou, and the largest caribou subpopulation stabilized. The observed contrasting outcomes of sudden versus gradual declines in primary prey supported theoretical predictions. Combining theory with field studies clarified how to manage communities to mitigate endangerment caused by apparent competition that affects many taxa.
Data from: Realized trophic niche driven by apparent competition: an example with marsupials
According to apparent competition theory, the co-occurrence of two species that share the same predators appears to affect each other's population growth and abundance. However, due to habitat loss and over-hunting, top predators are being made rare worldwide. Considering that apparent competitors share similar resources, we would expect the absence of top predators to reflect in changes on prey realized trophic niches. To test our hypothesis, we developed a model to predict the abundance ratio of apparent competitor species based on changes in their realized trophic niches. We tested our model against field data on the Neotropical marsupials Didelphis aurita and Metachirus nudicaudatus. Our results revealed that D. aurita and M. nudicaudatus are two species under apparent competition and their realized trophic niche and diet overlap change according to the presence of top predators. The model was able to predict the actual relative abundances of D. aurita and M. nudicaudatus in the three empirical studies analyzed. Our study presents quantitative support to the apparent competition theory; however, the model's applications to other groups still need to be verified. Additionally, our study shows that the lack of top predators has consequences on the realized trophic niche of their prey, and therefore, we reinforce that conservation plans need to focus on the effects of top predator loss on ecosystems.
Data from: Realized trophic niche driven by apparent competition: an example with marsupials
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Data from: Using predator-prey theory to predict outcomes of broad-scale experiments to reduce apparent competition
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Data from: Numerical response of mammalian carnivores to rodents affects bird reproduction in temperate forests: a case of apparent competition?
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Data from: Apparent signal of competition limits diversification after ecological transitions from marine to freshwater habitats
Adaptive radiations are typically triggered when a lineage encounters a significant range of open niche space (ecological opportunity), stemming from i) colonization of new areas, ii) extinction of competitors, or iii) key innovations. The most well-known of these is the colonization of new areas, either through geographic dispersal or the invasion of a novel ecological habitats. One aspect of ecological opportunity that has rarely been studied, however, is whether the existence of potential competitors may act to limit evolutionary diversification in newly colonized adaptive zones. Here, we show that in multiple geographically independent reinvasions of freshwaters by marine Sea Catfishes (Ariidae), rates of diversification (estimated as a function of morphological disparity and cladogenesis) have been constrained by pre-existing high diversity freshwater lineages. Only one region (Australia-New Guinea), characterized by an otherwise-depauperate freshwater fauna, has an ariid invasion gained any substantial traction. This is true at both regional and community scales, suggesting that competitive constraints may be an important factor for adaptive radiation.
Insect-mediated apparent competition between mammals in a boreal food web
<p>Datasets generated and analyzed within the study area located in the Côte-Nord region of Québec, Canada. "DataFinal_Vegetation.csv" was used to evaluate the availability of deciduous vegetation (column <em>Cover_Deciduous</em>) in stands impacted by the spruce budworm (SBW, severity index values presented in column <em>SBW_SevCum</em>) outbreak and test our prediction that the reduction in canopy cover caused by SBW in coniferous stands would result in greater deciduous vegetation. We determined the percentage cover of deciduous vegetation for two height strata ([0-1m] and [1-3m] classes, column <em>Stratum</em>).</p> <p>"DataFinal_Moose_density.csv" was used to assess the influence of SBW outbreak (<em>SBW_SevCum</em>) on moose abundance by comparing moose densities (<em>Density</em>) before (<em>year </em>= 2006) and during SBW outbreak (<em>year </em>= 2018). We also determined the effect of the percentage cover of deciduous vegetation (<em>Broadleaf</em>) and the percentage cover of salvage-logged forest stands (<em>SBW_cut_2018Factor</em>) on moose densities.</p> <p>"DataFinal_RSF_Caribou.csv" and "DataFinal_RSF_Wolves.csv" were used to develop Resource Selection Functions for caribou and wolves to assess habitat selection. RSFs compare resource characteristics of observed (scored 1) and random (scored 0) locations presented in column <em>case</em>. Habitat characteristics (<em>columns conif_dense, conif_open, mixed, open, other, burned0_5, burned6_20, burned21_, cut0_5, cut6_20, cut21_</em>) was extracted from the Canadian National Forest Inventory (NFI) forest cover maps. Land cover maps were updated every year by adding roads, recent (<5 years), regenerating (6–20 years) and old (21–50 years) cutblocks/fires based on information provided annually by local forestry companies and from the Canadian National Fire Database (CNFDB). SBW outbreak was characterized by its cumulative severity (<em>SBW_SevCum</em>), and also if infested stands were logged (<em>SBW_Cut</em>). As our study focused on the survival of boreal caribou, we added the mortality status for each individual (<em>DeadStatus, </em>remained alive throughout the study = 0, died = 1<em>) </em>and interaction terms (i.e. the multiplication of two columns) <em>Dead_SBW_SevCum </em>and <em>Dead_SBW_Cut. </em></p> <p>Finally, we used "DataFinal_SurvivalAnalysis.csv" to evaluate whether the proportion of natural (<em>Prop_burned</em>) and anthropogenic (<em>Prop_Cut0_5, Prop_Cut6_20, Prop_SBW_cut</em>) disturbances within winter home range had an effect on the mortality risk of caribou (determined with the mortality status column <em>Dead : </em>remained alive throughout the study = 0, died = 1). For this analysis, we determined the individual ID (<em>ID</em>), the years during they were monitored (<em>Year</em>), and the time was defined as the total period of monitoring for that individual (<em>Time</em>). </p>
Insect-mediated apparent competition between mammals in a boreal food web
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Data from: Apparent signal of competition limits diversification after ecological transitions from marine to freshwater habitats
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