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30 results for “arctic-alpine”
Whole-lake metabolism in arctic-alpine lakes
<p>This dataset contains daily and seasonal averages of whole-lake metabolism in 43 arctic-alpine Swedish lakes, as well as meteorological and lake physical conditions. Metabolism was estimated based on the free-water dissolved oxygen (DO) method following the maximum likelihood estimation approach by Solomon et al. (2013, <em>Limnology & Oceanography</em>) and using scripts by Windslow et al. 2016 (<em>Inland Waters</em>; R package LakeMetabolizer). The dataset is described in a manuscript submitted to <em>Limnology and Oceanography</em>.</p> <p>Changes in version 1.01 relative to original version: We corrected negligible mistakes in the metabolism data (third decimal of seasonal mean gross primary production, ecosystem respiration and net ecosystem production).</p>
Evolutionary footprints of cold adaptation in arctic-alpine Cochlearia (Brassicaceae) – evidence from freezing experiments and electrolyte leakage
<p><span>As </span><span>global warming progresses, plants may be forced to adapt to drastically changing environmental conditions. Arctic-alpine plants have been among the first to experience the effects of climate change. As a result, cold acclimation and freezing tolerance may become increasingly crucial for the survival as winter warming events and earlier snowmelt will cause increased exposure to occasional frost. The tribe </span><span>Cochlearieae in the mustard family (Brassicaceae) </span><span>offers an instructive system for studying cold adaptation in evolutionary terms, as the two sister genera </span><em><span>Ionopsidium</span></em> <span>and </span><em><span>Cochlearia</span></em> <span>are distributed among different ecological habitats throughout the European continent and the far north into circumarctic regions. By applying an electrolyte leakage assay to leaves obtained from plants cultivated under controlled temperature regimes in growth chambers, the freezing tolerance of different </span><em><span>Ionopsidium</span></em> <span>and </span><em><span>Cochlearia</span></em> <span>species was assessed measuring lethal freezing temperature values (</span><em><span>LT</span><span>50</span></em> <span>and </span><em><span>LT</span><span>100</span></em><span>), thereby allowing for a comparison across different species and accessions in their responses to cold. We hypothesized that, owing to varying selection pressures, geographically distant species would differ in freezing tolerance. Despite </span><em><span>Ionopsidium</span></em> <span>occurring under warm and dry Mediterranean conditions and </span><em><span>Cochlearia</span></em> <span>species distributed often at cold habitats, all accessions exhibited similar cold responses. The results may indicate that physiological adaptations of primary metabolic pathways to different stressors, such as salinity and drought, may confer an additional tolerance to cold; this is because all these stressors induce osmotic challenges. </span></p>
Evolutionary footprints of cold adaptation in arctic-alpine Cochlearia (Brassicaceae) – evidence from freezing experiments and electrolyte leakage
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Data from: Climate refugia along Lake Superior's shores: Disjunct arctic-alpine plants rely on cool shoreline temperatures but are unlikely to persist under climate warming
<p>Climate refugia can serve as remnant habitat or stepping stones for species dispersal under climate warming. The largest freshwater lake by surface area, Lake Superior, USA and Canada, serves as a model system for understanding cooling-mediated local refugia, as its cool water temperatures and wave action have maintained shoreline habitats suitable for southern disjunct populations of arctic-alpine plants since deglaciation. Here we seek to explain spatial patterns and environmental drivers of arctic-alpine plant refugia along Lake Superior's shores, and assess future risk to refugia under moderate (+3.5 °C) and warmest (+5.7 °C) climate warming scenarios. First, we examined how the interactive effects of summer surface water temperatures and wind affected onshore temperatures, resulting in areas of cooler refugia. Second, we developed an ecological niche model for presence of disjunct arctic-alpine refugia (pooling 1253 occurrences from 58 species) along the lake's shoreline. Third, we fit species distribution models for 20 of the most common arctic-alpine disjunct species and predicted presence to identify refugia hotspots. Finally, we used the two climate warming scenarios to predict changes in presence of refugia and disjunct hotspots. Bedrock type, elevation above water, inland distance, July land surface temperature from MODIS/Terra satellite, and near-shore depth of water were the best predictors of disjunct occurrences. Overall, we predicted 2,236 km of the shoreline (51%) as disjunct refugia habitat for at least one species under current conditions, but this was reduced to 20% and 7% with moderate (894 km) and warmest (313 km) climate change projections.</p>
Data from: Climate refugia along Lake Superior’s shores: Disjunct arctic-alpine plants rely on cool shoreline temperatures but are unlikely to persist under climate warming
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Data from: Pseudo-parallel patterns of disjunctions in an Arctic-alpine plant lineage
Disjunct distributions have intrigued biologists for centuries. Investigating these biogeographic patterns provides insight into speciation and biodiversity at multiple spatial and phylogenetic scales. Some disjunctions have been intensively studied, yet others have been largely overlooked and remain poorly understood. Among the lesser-known disjunction patterns is that between the mountain ranges of western North America. Flora and fauna endemic to the mountains of this region provide important systems for investigating causes and results of disjunctions, given the relatively recent geological formation of this area and the intense climatic fluctuations that have occurred since its formation. In Micranthes (Saxifragaceae), which has high rates of montane endemism, two species, M. bryophora and M. tolmiei, show this biogeographical pattern. By reconstructing a time-calibrated phylogeny based on 518 low-copy nuclear markers and including multiple populations of each species from the Coast Ranges, Cascades, Sierra Nevada, and Rocky Mountains, this study provides a biogeographical and temporal framework for the evolution of Micranthes in western North America. Strongly supported east-west differentiated clades are recovered for M. bryophora and M. tolmiei in both maximum likelihood and coalescent-based species tree reconstructions. Biogeographic analysis suggests different patterns of dispersal for both taxa and the dating analyses recovered contrasting ages for each clade. Due to both the different geographic patterns and the timing of the initial diversification of each taxon corresponding to different geologic and climatic events, the disjunction patterns shown for these taxa are suggested to be an example of biogeographical pseudocongruence.
Fig. 5 in Across mountains and ocean: species delimitation and historical connectivity in Holarctic and Arctic-Alpine wolf spiders (Lycosidae, Pardosa)
Fig. 5. Introgression in P. saltuaria species group, n = 84, m = 43 datasets. P.hyper.FIN—Finnish P. hyperborea, P.hyper.GR—Greenland P. hyperborea; (a, c, e) de novo assembly; (b, d, f) reference assembly. (a, b) Fbranch D-statistics summary: dotted lines indicate internal node branches, fb—f-branch estimates of admixture; (c, d) fastsimcoal2 scenarios with the highest support: Ne effective population size of corresponding species/population (see fastsimcoal2 section in Supplementary Material for details about codes in brackets); tm—time of population/species merge (split) in generations; tadm—time of admixture in generations; adm—admixture fraction; (e, f) PhyloNetworks: colored lines and numbers indicate direction and proportion of admixture.
Fig. 2 in Across mountains and ocean: species delimitation and historical connectivity in Holarctic and Arctic-Alpine wolf spiders (Lycosidae, Pardosa)
Fig. 2. Maximum likelihood trees: (a) COI, 426 specimens; (b) ddRADseq, 91 specimens, 43,873 SNPs, de novo assembly; (c) ddRADseq, 84 specimens, 113,479 SNPs, de novo assembly; (d) ddRADseq, 84 specimens, 109,247 SNPs. CA—Canada, FI—Finland, FR—France, GL—Greenland, NO—Norway, SL—Slovakia, US—United States of America, n—number of specimens, m—minimum taxon coverage in ipyrad assembly.
Fig. 1 in Across mountains and ocean: species delimitation and historical connectivity in Holarctic and Arctic-Alpine wolf spiders (Lycosidae, Pardosa)
Fig. 1. Distribution map of P. hyperborea based on current literature review. Filled squares—approximate locations of P. hyperborea records in Palearctic; empty square—dubious record of P. hyperborea in Siberia; filled circles—approximate locations of P. hyperborea records in Nearctic.The references on which the map is based are in Supplementary Material.
Fig. 3. Haplotype network for 419 in Across mountains and ocean: species delimitation and historical connectivity in Holarctic and Arctic-Alpine wolf spiders (Lycosidae, Pardosa)
Fig. 3. Haplotype network for 419 specimens of P. saltuaria species group based on mitochondrial COI data. Haplotypes are colored based on morphological identification. Each line is 1 mutation step.
Early snow melt and diverging thermal constraints control body size in arctic-alpine spiders
<p><span>To predict species' responses to a rapidly changing environment, it is necessary to detect current clines of life-history traits and understand their drivers. We studied body size variation, a key trait in evolutionary biology, of two arctic-alpine lycosid spiders and underlying mechanisms controlling this variation. We used long time-series data of body size sampled in Norway, augmented with museum data. Individuals of both species sampled in areas and years with longer snow-free periods grew larger than individuals in areas and years with shorter snow-free periods. </span><span>Interestingly, temperatures under 0° C led to a larger body size in Pardosa palustris, while temperatures above 0 °C led to a larger body size in Pardosa hyperborea. We assume that P. palustris, as the generally larger species, is less sensitive to environmental variability and cold temperatures, because it can retain more energy than a smaller species can and, therefore, can invest more resources in its offspring. With rising temperatures, both species might profit from a higher resource availability. In a rapidly changing arctic-alpine environment, alterations in the life-history traits and adaptation strategies of spiders are expected, which, regarding body size, seem to be highly influenced by early snowmelt and diverging thermal constraints.</span></p>
Data from: Tales of the unexpected: Phylogeography of the arctic-alpine model plant Saxifraga oppositifolia (Saxifragaceae) revisited
Arctic-alpine biota occupy enormous areas in the Arctic and the northern hemisphere mountain ranges, and have undergone major range shifts during their comparatively short history. The origins of individual arctic-alpine species remain largely unknown. In the case of the Purple saxifrage, Saxifraga oppositifolia, an important model for arctic-alpine plants, phylogeographic studies have remained inconclusive about early stages of the species' spatiotemporal diversification, but have provided evidence for long-range colonization out of a presumed Beringian origin to cover today's circumpolar range. . We re-evaluated the species' large-scale range dynamics based on a geographically extended sampling including crucial areas such as Central Asia and the (south-)eastern European mountain ranges and employing up-to-date phylogeographic analyses of a plastid sequence and a more restricted AFLP data set. In accordance with previous studies, we detected two major plastid DNA lineages also reflected in AFLP divergence, suggesting a long and independent vicariant history. Although we were unable to determine the species' area of origin, our results point to the Alps and probably Central Asia, respectively, as the likely ancestral areas of the two main clades. AFLP data suggested that contact areas between the two clades in Eastern Europe, Northern Siberia and Greenland were secondary. In marked contrast to high levels of diversity revealed in previous studies, populations from the major arctic refugium Beringia did not exhibit any plastid sequence polymorphism. Our study shows that adequate sampling of the southern, refugial populations is crucial for understanding the range dynamics of arctic-alpine species.
Figure 1 in Early snow melt and diverging thermal constraints control body size in arctic-alpine spiders
Figure 1. Pearson correlations between the significant explanatory variables and the body size of Pardosa hyperborea and P. palustris. CW = carapace width; p1dSF = first snow-free day in the year before sampling; pSFP = snow-free period in the year before sampling; pq2TTD5 = thermal threshold days> 5 °C in spring of the year before sampling; 2q2TTD5 = thermal threshold days> 5 °C in spring of both years; q2P = precipitation sum in spring in the year of sampling; yTTD0 = thermal threshold days> 0 °C for the whole year of sampling; pyTTD5 = thermal threshold days> 5 °C for the whole year before sampling; 2yTTD5 = thermal threshold days> 5 °C in the year of sampling and the previous year; 2q2TTD_2 = thermal threshold days ≤ –2 °C in spring of both years; 1DOY0 = first day of the year> 0 °C in the year of sampling; 1dSF = first snowfree day in the year of sampling; SFP = snow-free period in the year of sampling; q1SWE = snow-water equivalent in winter in the year of sampling; 2q1SWE = snow-water equivalent in winter of both years; q2SWE = snow-water equivalent in spring in the year of sampling; q2TTD5 = thermal threshold days> 5 °C in spring in the year of sampling; 2q2P = precipitation sum in spring of both years; pq4SWE = snow-water equivalent in autumn in the year before sampling; pq4P = precipitation sum in autumn in the year before sampling; ySWE = snow-water equivalent for the whole year of sampling; 2ySWE = snow-water equivalent of both years; q1TTD_2 = thermal threshold days ≤ –2 °C in winter in the year of sampling; 2q1TTD_2 = thermal threshold days ≤ –2 °C in winter of both years; q1TTD_0 = thermal threshold days ≤ 0 °C in winter in the year of sampling; 2q1TTD_0 = thermal threshold days ≤ 0 °C in winter of both years; q1TTD0 = thermal threshold days> 0 °C in winter in the year of sampling; 2q1TTD0 = thermal threshold days> 0 °C in winter of both years; q1P = precipitation sum in winter in the year of sampling; 2q1P = precipitation sum in winter of both years; 2q2SWE = snow-water equivalent in spring of both years;
Gowardia zebrina sp. nov., a new species in a little-known genus of arctic-alpine lichens (Parmeliaceae)
<p>The fruticose lichen genus <em>Gowardia</em> (Parmeliaceae) was recently segregated from Alectoria based on phylogeny, morphology, secondary chemistry, ecology and distribution. As currently circumscribed, <em>Gowardia</em> comprises two wide-ranging species of arctic-alpine regions. Here we describe a third species, <em>G. zebrina </em>sp. nov., apparently endemic to subalpine regions in mountainous northwestern North America. <em>Gowardia</em> <em>zebrina</em> differs from other species in the genus by its combined subpendent habit, uniformly capillary branches, predominantly isotomic branching, pale-and-dark banding of the terminal branches, and epiphytic ecology. Morphological examination of North American herbarium specimens filed under <em>A. nigricans</em> suggests the existence of several additional undescribed species of <em>Gowardia</em>. A brief overview of morphological diversity in these species is given, shedding new light on the question of whether <em>Gowardia</em> should be subsumed under <em>Alectoria</em>, as some have suggested, or is more appropriately recognized as a distinct genus.</p>
Data from: AFLP markers reveal high clonal diversity and extreme longevity in four arctic-alpine key species
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Early snow melt and diverging thermal constraints control body size in arctic-alpine spiders
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Data from: Late Pleistocene origin of the entire circumarctic range of the arctic-alpine plant Kalmia procumbens
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Gowardia zebrina sp. nov., a new species in a little-known genus of arctic-alpine lichens (Parmeliaceae)
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Data from: Distribution and population structure of the anther smut fungus Microbotryum silenes-acaulis parasitizing an arctic-alpine plant
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Data from: The extreme disjunction between Beringia and Europe in Ranunculus glacialis s. l. (Ranunculaceae) does not coincide with the deepest genetic split – a story of the importance of temperate mountain ranges in arctic-alpine phylogeography
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