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23 results for “aridification”
Dataset from: Rapid radiation of ant parasitic butterflies during the Miocene aridification of Africa
<p>Africa has undergone a progressive aridification during the last 20 My that presumably impacted organisms and fostered the evolution of life history adaptations. We test the hypothesis that shift to living in ant nests and feeding on ant brood by larvae of phyto-predaceous <em>Lepidochrysops</em> butterflies was an adaptive response to the aridification of Africa that facilitated the subsequent radiation of butterflies in this genus. Using anchored hybrid enrichment we constructed a time-calibrated phylogeny for <em>Lepidochrysops</em> and its closest, non-parasitic relatives in the<em> Euchrysops </em>section (Poloyommatini). We estimated ancestral areas across the phylogeny with process-based biogeographical models and diversification rates relying on time-variable and clade-heterogeneous birth-death models.<strong> </strong>The <em>Euchrysops </em>section originated with the emerging Miombo woodlands about 22 million years ago (Mya), and spread to drier biomes as they became available in the late Miocene. The diversification of the non-parasitic lineages decreased as aridification intensified around 10 Mya, culminating in diversity decline. In contrast, the diversification of the phyto-predaceous <em>Lepidochrysops</em> lineage proceeded rapidly from about 6.5 Mya when this unusual life history likely first evolved.<strong> </strong>The Miombo woodlands were the cradle for diversification of the <em>Euchrysops</em> section, and our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that aridification during the Miocene selected for a phyto-predaceous life history in species of <em>Lepidochrysops</em>, with ant nests likely providing caterpillars a safe refuge from fire and a source of food when vegetation was scarce.</p>
Dataset for: Paleoenvironmental models for Australia and the impact of aridification on blindsnake diversification
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: Shifts in diversification rates of Australian flora and fauna have been associated with aridification, but the relationship between diversification rates and aridity has never been quantified. We employed multiple approaches to accurately reconstruct paleoenvironments of Australia for the first time. We used this information, and phylogenetic-based analyses, to explore how changes in temperature and increasing aridity during the Neogene influenced the diversification of the Australian blindsnakes. We tested whether diversification rates differ between arid-adapted and mesic-adapted lineages.</p> <p><strong>Taxon</strong>: Typhlopidae, <em>Anilios </em>blindsnakes</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Australia</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: We estimated the historical biogeography of blindsnakes using BioGeoBEARS. We synthesised multiple approaches to reconstruct paleotemperature and paleoaridity of Australia during the Neogene. We fit several birth-death models and estimate diversification rates under paleoenvironmental conditions using RPANDA. We further compare diversification rates between arid-adapted lineages versus mesic-adapted lineages using ClaDS and GeoHiSSE.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Ancestral area estimation indicated Australian blindsnakes have tropical grassland origins. We found that Australia-specific regional paleotemperature and paleoaridity provided a better explanation for diversification rate variation than global paleotemperature. Specifically, our best-fitting model indicated that speciation rates of blindsnakes decreased with increasing aridity. We found no difference in diversification rates between arid- and mesic-adapted lineages.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: Soon after dispersing to Australia, the common ancestors of Australian blindsnakes diversified rapidly in mesic habitats during the early Miocene. However, as the continent became increasingly arid, diversification rates decreased. We found that shifts in the environment led to the emergence of two major clades: one remaining in primarily mesic habitats and the other adapting to the expanding arid biome. Our results emphasise the importance of both arid and tropical biomes as sources and sinks of diversification.</p>
Resource redistribution mediated by hydrological connectivity modulates vegetation response to aridification in drylands
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Dataset for: Paleoenvironmental models for Australia and the impact of aridification on blindsnake diversification
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Pushing the limits of C3 intrinsic water use efficiency in Mediterranean semiarid steppes: responses of a drought-avoider perennial grass to climate aridification
<ol> <li>Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) reflects the trade-off between photosynthetic carbon gain and water loss through stomatal conductance and is key for understanding dryland plant responses to climate change. <em>Stipa tenacissima</em> is a perennial tussock C<sub>3</sub> grass with an opportunistic, drought-avoiding water use strategy that dominates arid and semiarid steppes across the western Mediterranean region. However, its ecophysiological responses to aridification and woody shrub encroachment, a major land-use change in drylands worldwide, are not well understood.</li> <li>We investigated the variations in leaf stable isotopes (δ<sup>18</sup>O, δ<sup>13</sup>C, δ<sup>15</sup>N), nutrient concentrations (N, P, K), and culm water content and isotopic composition (δ<sup>18</sup>O, δ<sup>2</sup>H) of paired pure-grass and shrub-encroached <em>S. tenacissima</em> steppes along a 350 km aridity gradient in Spain (10 sites, 160 individuals). </li> <li>Culm water isotopes revealed that <em>S. tenacissima</em> is a shallow-rooted grass that depends heavily on recent rainwater for water uptake, which may render it vulnerable to increasingly irregular rainfall combined with faster topsoil drying under climate warming and aridification. With increasing aridity, <em>S. tenacissima</em> enhanced leaf-level WUEi through more stringent stomatal regulation of plant water flux and carbon assimilation (higher δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>18</sup>O), reaching exceptionally high δ<sup>13</sup>C values (-23 to -21‰) at the most arid steppes. Foliar N concentration was remarkably low across sites regardless of woody shrub encroachment, evidencing severe water and N co-limitation of photosynthesis and productivity. Shrub encroachment decreased leaf P and K but did not affect <em>S. tenacissima</em> water status. Perennial grass cover decreased markedly with both declining winter rainfall and shrub encroachment suggesting population- rather than individual-level responses of <em>S. tenacissima</em> to these changes.</li> <li>The fundamental physiological constraints of photosynthetic C<sub>3</sub> metabolism combined with low foliar N content may hamper the ability of <em>S. tenacissima</em> and other drought-avoider species with shallow roots to achieve further adaptive improvements in WUEi under increasing climatic stress. A drought-avoiding water use strategy based on early stomatal closure and photosynthesis suppression during prolonged rainless periods may thus compromise the capacity of <em>S. tenacissima</em> steppes to maintain perennial grass cover, sustain productivity and cope with ongoing climate aridification at the drier parts of their current distribution. </li> </ol>
Pushing the limits of C3 intrinsic water use efficiency in Mediterranean semiarid steppes: responses of a drought-avoider perennial grass to climate aridification
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Fig. 4 in Climate Relicts: Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Survived Miocene Aridification in Caves of the Annamite Mountains
Fig. 4. Estimation of ancestral ranges for the relictual Asian scorpion family Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998 in four biogeographical regions: Tajik and north Pamir blocks (northern Afghanistan and southern China, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan) (A); western Cimmeria, including only the Farah, Helmand, south and central Pamirs (SP and CP, respectively), Karakorum (K) and Band-e Bayan (BB) blocks (present-day Afghanistan and northern Pakistan) (B); northwest Annamite Mountains (Khammouan Karst, Laos) (C); northeast Annamite Mountains (Phong Nha-Ke Montenat (2009), Collett et al. (2015), Robinson (2015), Siehl (2017), and Li et al. (2020).
Fig. 3 in Climate Relicts: Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Survived Miocene Aridification in Caves of the Annamite Mountains
Fig. 3. Estimation of divergence times (A) in evolution of the relictual Asian scorpion family Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998 with palaeogeographical reconstructions (B) indicating tectonic positions and past and present plate boundaries. Geological time periods on phylogeny include Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian,Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Cenozoic. Divergence ages (in millions of years) plotted on phylogeny. Circled numbers denote three divergence events leading to Pseudochactidae and its three subfamilies.Timeline for origins, dispersal, and diversification of Pseudochactidae as follows: Carboniferous (340 Ma), Pseudochactidae originates near Tajik block (colored grey area), situated among chain of continental blocks and island arcs between Turkestan and Palaeo-Tethys Oceans. Jurassic–Triassic Boundary (202 Ma): Cimmerian continent collides with Eurasia and Indochina in the Jurassic, allowing ancestor of
Fig. 2 in Climate Relicts: Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Survived Miocene Aridification in Caves of the Annamite Mountains
Fig. 2. Preferred phylogeny (A) of the relictual Asian scorpion family Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998 based on simultaneous analysis of the morphological and molecular datasets using Maximum Likelihood with unambiguous morphological synapomorphies optimized. Black circles indicate uniquely derived apomorphic states, white circles, parallel deviations of apomorphic states. Numbers above circles indicate characters, numbers below indicate states (Supp Appendices 2 and 3 [online only]). Dorsal habitus (B–F) of five species of Pseudochactidae: Pseudochactas ovchinnikovi Gromov 1998, Babatag, Uzbekistan, ♀ (AMNH) (B), Troglokhammouanus steineri Lourenço 2007,Tham Xe Bang Fai, Laos, ♀ (AMNH) (C), Aemngvantom thamnongpaseuam Prendini et al. 2021,Tham Nong Pa Seuam, Laos, holotype ♀ (AMNH) (D), Aemngvantom lao (Lourenço 2012),Tham Nam Lot (Lod), Laos, ♀ (AMNH) (E) and Vietbocap canhi Lourenço and Pham 2010,Tiên Sơn, Vietnam,♀ (AMNH) (F). Scale bars = 10 mm.
Fig. 1 in Climate Relicts: Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Survived Miocene Aridification in Caves of the Annamite Mountains
Fig. 1. Distribution of subfamilies of the relictual Asian scorpion family Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998: Pseudochactinae Gromov 1998, Troglokhammouaninae Prendini et al. 2021, Vietbocapinae Lourenço 2007.
Fig. 5 in Climate Relicts: Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Survived Miocene Aridification in Caves of the Annamite Mountains
Fig. 5. Preferred ancestral state reconstruction (A) for the relictual Asian scorpion family Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998 using ARD model of troglomorphism index (scale = 1–10) ranging from epigean (score = 1) to hypogean, troglobitic (score = 10). Ecomorphotypes classified as epigean (1–5); hypogean, troglophilic (6–8); and hypogean, troglobitic (9–10). Carapace (B–D) of three pseudochactid species, representing each ecomorphotype: epigean: Pseudochactas ovchinnikovi Gromov 1998 (B); troglophilic: Troglokhammouanus steineri Lourenço 2007 (C); and troglobitic: Vietbocap canhi Lourenço 2010 (D).
Tectonic forcing of the extreme aridification of the East Asian interior at around 900 ka-insights from the spatially inconsistent magnetization of Chinese loess
<p>Paleomagnetic and rock magnetic data of loess unit L9 from the Chinese Loess Plateau</p>
Fig. 2 in Phylogeny identifies multiple colonisation events and Miocene aridification as drivers of South Asian bulbul (Passeriformes: Pycnonotidae) diversification
Fig. 2 Principal component analysis (PCA) plot based on morphometric measurements of bulbuls. Species were grouped together for their representative genera, and overlaid with species whose taxonomy needs to be resolved
Fig. 1 in Phylogeny identifies multiple colonisation events and Miocene aridification as drivers of South Asian bulbul (Passeriformes: Pycnonotidae) diversification
Fig. 1 Maximum likelihood tree of Asian Bulbuls. The phylogram is based on four mitochondrial genes and four nuclear genes. South Asian species are indicated in bold. The black dots at the nodes indi-
Fig. 3 in Phylogeny identifies multiple colonisation events and Miocene aridification as drivers of South Asian bulbul (Passeriformes: Pycnonotidae) diversification
Fig. 3 Bayesian chronogram for Asian bulbuls. The tree was inferred from the concatenated set of 4 mitochondrial genes and 3 nuclear genes (see text for details). South Asian species are indicated in bold. Horizontal bars denote 95% posterior probability age intervals
The roles of aridification and sea level changes in the diversification and persistence of freshwater fish lineages
<p>While the influence of Pleistocene climatic changes on divergence and speciation has been well-documented across the globe, complex spatial interactions between hydrology and eustatics over longer timeframes may also determine species evolutionary trajectories. Within the Australian continent, glacial cycles were not associated with changes in ice cover and instead largely resulted in fluctuations from moist to arid conditions across the landscape. Here, we investigate the role of hydrological and coastal topographic changes brought about by Plio-Pleistocene climatic changes on the biogeographic history of a small Australian freshwater fish, the southern pygmy perch <em>Nannoperca australis</em>. Using 7,958 ddRAD-seq (double digest restriction-site associated DNA) loci and 45,104 filtered SNPs, we combined phylogenetic, coalescent and species distribution analyses to investigate the various roles of aridification, sea level and tectonics and associated biogeographic changes across southeast Australia. Sea-level changes since the Pliocene and reduction or disappearance of large waterbodies throughout the Pleistocene were determining factors in strong divergence across the clade, including the initial formation and maintenance of a cryptic species, <em>N.</em> 'flindersi'. Isolated climatic refugia and fragmentation due to lack of connected waterways maintained the identity and divergence of inter- and intraspecific lineages. Our historical findings suggest that predicted increases in aridification and sea level due to anthropogenic climate change might result in markedly different demographic impacts, both spatially and across different landscape types.</p>
Pleistocene aridification underlies the evolutionary history of the Caribbean endemic, insular giant, Consolea (Opuntioideae)
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><strong>Premise:</strong> The Caribbean islands are renowned for their small size but high species diversity, and cacti make up a fascinating component of seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF) there. <i>Consolea</i> consist of nine species of dioecious, hummingbird pollinated trees endemic to the West Indies, which form a conspicuous element of the SDTF. Several species are threatened by anthropogenic disturbance, disease, sea-level rise and invasive species, and are of conservation concern. However, no comprehensive phylogeny yet exists for the clade. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><strong>Methods:</strong> We reconstructed the phylogeny of <i>Consolea</i>, sampling all species using plastome data to determine relationships, understand the evolution of key morphological characters and test their biogeographic history. We estimated divergence times to determine the role climate change may have played in shaping the current diversity of the clade. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><strong>Results: </strong><i>Consolea</i> appears to have evolved very recently during the latter part of the Pleistocene on Cuba/Hispaniola likely from a South American ancestor, and from there moved into the Bahamas, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Florida and the Lesser Antilles. The tree growth form is a synapomorphy of <i>Consolea</i> and likely aided in the establishment and diversification of the clade. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Pleistocene aridification associated with glaciation likely played a role in shaping the current diversity of <i>Consolea</i>, and insular gigantism may have been a key innovation leading to the success of these species to invade the often dense SDTF. This in-situ Caribbean radiation provides a window into the generation of species diversity and the complexity of the SDTF community within the Antilles.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: How the aridification of Australia structured the biogeography and influenced the diversification of a large lineage of Australian cicadas
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Pleistocene aridification underlies the evolutionary history of the Caribbean endemic, insular giant, Consolea (Opuntioideae)
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Data from: Microallopatric speciation in southern African dung beetle genus <em>Macroderes</em> driven by Miocene aridification and ancestral flight loss
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