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28 results for “ash dieback”
Ash dieback mortality and damage at the Botanic Garden Meise, Belgium
<p>Four 10m × 10m plots were laid out in the naturally regenerating woodland at the Botanic Garden Meise (WGS84: 50° 55ʹ 37ʺ N, 4° 19ʹ 18ʺ E; 50° 55ʹ 37ʺ N, 4° 19ʹ 17ʺ E; 50° 55' 38.6" N 4° 19ʹ 21ʺ E; 50° 55ʹ 39ʺ N, 4° 19ʹ 29ʺ E). They were selected because the areas contained a large number of ash saplings. Within these plots all ash seedlings greater than 40 cm tall were labelled with a small (2 cm × 4 cm) plastic tag attached with stretchable plant tie. Each tag was engraved with a unique number so that the tree could be identified. These plots were not intended to be replicates but just a convenient method of refinding the tagged trees. In the first year either the height or the girth of the tree was measured with a tape measure, depending upon whether the tree was small enough to measure the height. In the first year and each subsequent year each tree was scored for the apparent damage caused by ash dieback (<em>Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus</em>). The same scoring scheme was used as that by Pliūra et al. (2011). This is a 5 point system where 1 is a dead tree; 5 is an undamaged tree and 2–4 are progressively less damaged trees. The plots were laid out on 14 April 2013. In 2014 plots 1 and 2 were scored on 14th April and plots 3 and 4 on 21st April. In 2015 plots 1 and 2 were scored on 6th May and plots 3 and 4 on 30th April.</p>
Ash dieback mortality and damage at the Botanic Garden Meise, Belgium, 2016
<p>These data add to the data already published for previous years and are available at Groom, Quentin J. (2015). Ash dieback mortality and damage at the Botanic Garden Meise, Belgium. Zenodo. 10.5281/zenodo.17640.</p> <p>Four 10m × 10m plots were laid out in the naturally regenerating woodland at the Botanic Garden Meise (WGS84: 50° 55ʹ 37ʺ N, 4° 19ʹ 18ʺ E; 50° 55ʹ 37ʺ N, 4° 19ʹ 17ʺ E; 50° 55' 38.6" N 4° 19ʹ 21ʺ E; 50° 55ʹ 39ʺ N, 4° 19ʹ 29ʺ E). They were selected because the areas contained a large number of ash saplings. Within these plots all ash seedlings greater than 40 cm tall were labelled with a small (2 cm × 4 cm) plastic tag attached with stretchable plant tie. Each tag was engraved with a unique number so that the tree could be identified. These plots were not intended to be replicates but just a convenient method of refinding the tagged trees. In the first year either the height or the girth of the tree was measured with a tape measure, depending upon whether the tree was small enough to measure the height. In 2013 and each subsequent year each tree was scored for the apparent damage caused by ash dieback (<em>Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus</em>). The same scoring scheme was used as that by Pliūra et al. (2011). This is a 5 point system where 1 is a dead tree; 5 is an undamaged tree and 2–4 are progressively less damaged trees. In 2016 the plots were scored on 4<sup>th</sup> May.</p>
50000 SNPs for genomic prediction of ash dieback susceptibility in European Ash
<p>This file is <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-019-1036-6">Stocks et al (2019)</a> Supplementary Table 7j with major allele (MAA) and minor allele (MIA) identities added.<br> Estimated effect sizes (EES) from genomic prediction model trained on the pool-seq data using the top 50000 SNPs from the pool-seq GWAS<br> Contig = Contig in BATG0.5 assembly <br> Pos = SNP location in contig <br> EES.MIA = Estimated effect size of minor allele <br> EES.MIA.SE = Standard Error of Estimated effect size of minor allele<br> EES.MAA = Estimated effect size of major allele<br> EES.MAA.SE = Standard Error of Estimated effect size of major allele <br> MIA = identity of minor allele <br> MAA = identity of major allele</p>
The ash dieback invasion of Europe was founded by two genetically divergent individuals (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0548-9)
<p>Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, genome, annotation and genetic diversity data used in analysis of the ash dieback invasion of Europe (McMullan et al., 2018; see README.txt)</p> <p>McMullan M, Rafiqi M, Kaithakottil G, Clavijo BJ, Bilham L, Orton E, et al. The ash dieback invasion of Europe was founded by two genetically divergent individuals. Nat Ecol Evol. 2018; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0548-9</p>
Landscape epidemiology of ash dieback
<ol> <li>Ash dieback is induced by <em>Hymenoscyphus</em> <em>fraxineus</em>, an invasive pathogenic fungus. It is causing severe damage to European ash populations. However, the local environment, such as climate or site conditions, is known to affects ash dieback.</li> <li>We studied the landscape epidemiology of the disease on a 22 km² area in north-eastern France at two stages of the invasion process using Bayesian spatio-temporal models fitted with integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA). Several features characterizing disease severity, crown dieback, frequency of collar canker, and density of infected leaf debris in the litter were determined on a regular grid over a 3.5 x 6.5 km area. We first analysed the effect of landscape features on the disease establishment stage in 2012, two years after the first report of the disease in the area, and then on further disease development, in 2016–2018.</li> <li>Landscape features had little impact on the disease at the establishment stage but strongly determined its further development. Local fragmentation of tree cover was the most important factor, with trees that are isolated or in hedges far less affected than trees in a forest environment. We showed that they were subjected to different microclimates, with higher crown temperatures unfavourable to pathogen development. Low host density strongly reduced disease development. The presence of large ash populations in the vicinity affected local disease severity up to several hundred meters.</li> <li> <em>Synthesis</em>. We showed that the landscape characteristics strongly affect the development and spread of ash dieback. The disease is far less severe in forest conditions when ash density is low or in open canopies such as hedges and isolated trees. Ash trees are often in these types of landscapes, which should strongly limit the overall impact of Ash dieback.</li> </ol>
Ability of the ash dieback pathogen to reproduce and to induce damage on its host are controlled by different environmental parameters
<p>Ash dieback, induced by an invasive ascomycete, <em>Hymenoscyphus</em> <em>fraxineus</em>, has emerged in the late 1990s as a severe disease threatening ash populations in Europe. Future prospects for ash are improved by the existence of individuals with natural genetic resistance or tolerance to the disease and by limited disease impact in many environmental conditions where ash is common. Nevertheless, it was suggested that, even in those conditions, ash trees are infected and enable pathogen transmission. We studied the influence of climate and local environment on the ability of <em>H. fraxineus</em> to infect, be transmitted and cause damage on its host. We showed that healthy carriers, i.e. individuals showing no dieback but carrying <em>H. fraxineus</em>, exist and may play a significant role in ash dieback epidemiology. The environment strongly influenced <em>H. fraxineus</em> with different parameters being important depending on the life cycle stage. The ability of <em>H. fraxineus</em> to establish on ash leaves and to reproduce on the leaf debris in the litter (rachises) mainly depended on total precipitation in July-August and was not influenced by local tree cover. By contrast, damage to the host, and in particular shoot mortality was significantly reduced by high summer temperature in July-August and by high autumn average temperature. As a consequence, in many situations, ash trees are infected and enable H. fraxineus transmission while showing limited or even no damage. We also observed a decreasing trend of severity (leaf necrosis and shoot mortality probability) with the time of disease presence in a plot that could be significant for the future of ash dieback.</p>
Neighbours matter and the weak succumb: chalara ash dieback infection is more severe in trees with fewer conspecific neighbours and lower prior growth rate
<p>The epidemiology and severity of ash dieback (ADB), the disease caused by the ascomycete fungus, <em>Hymenoscyphus</em> <em>fraxineus</em>, has been linked to a variety of site conditions, however, there has been a lack of analysis at an individual-tree scale. <br> <br>Symptoms of ADB were scored on ca. 400 trees of <em>Fraxinus</em> <em>excelsior</em> (ash) in permanent sample plots during two successive years in a UK natural woodland reserve. Using comprehensive plot records maintained since 1945, and detailed spatial records updated since 1977, we assembled an array of potential explanatory variables, including site environment factors, ash tree density, previous and present tree condition and near neighbourhood summary statistics (NNSS), such as species mingling and size dominance. Their impact on the severity of ADB of focal ash trees was tested with generalised linear mixed effects models (GLMM).<br> <br>The severity of ADB was much greater in the lower slope parts of the site with moister soils and least in a managed area subject to tree thinning in the previous 35 years. Severity of ADB had a negative association with focal ash tree prior relative growth rate over a period of a decade immediately before the disease was detected at the site. Greater ADB severity was also significantly associated with smaller diameter-at-breast-height of ash trees. Additionally, ADB was significantly positively associated with a greater proportion of heterospecific trees amongst the six nearest neighbours of the focal tree. <br> <br><em>Synthesis</em>. The relationship of the severity of ADB disease with site environment, tree condition and neighbourhood is complex but nevertheless important in the progression of the disease. The findings suggest some silvicultural interventions, such as thinning to increase the vigour of retained ash trees, might reduce the impact of ADB.</p>
Ability of the ash dieback pathogen to reproduce and to induce damage on its host are controlled by different environmental parameters
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Neighbours matter and the weak succumb: chalara ash dieback infection is more severe in trees with fewer conspecific neighbours and lower prior growth rate
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Landscape epidemiology of ash dieback
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Point-of-care diagnostics and resistance phenotyping to combat ash dieback
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Supplementary material 1 from: Pourmoghaddam MJ, Lambert C, Surup F, Khodaparast SA, Krisai-Greilhuber I, Voglmayr H, Stadler M (2020) Discovery of a new species of the Hypoxylon rubiginosum complex from Iran and antagonistic activities of Hypoxylon spp. against the Ash Dieback pathogen, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, in dual culture. MycoKeys 66: 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.66.50946
Discovery of a new species of the Hypoxylon rubiginosum complex from Iran and antagonistic activities of Hypoxylon species towards the Ash Dieback pathogen, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, in dual culture
Data from: Will natural resistance result in populations of ash trees remaining in British woodlands after a century of ash dieback disease?
Novel pests and diseases are becoming increasingly common, and often cause additional mortality to host species in the newly contacted communities. This can alter the structure of the community up to, and including, the extinction of host species. In the last twenty years, ash dieback disease (ADB) has spread into Europe from East Asia. It has caused substantial mortality in ash tree (Fraxinus excelsior L.) populations. However, a proportion of the individuals in most populations appears to be less susceptible to ADB and resistance seems to have high heritability. These observations have led to suggestions that ash populations may be sustainable after the disease. In order to test this hypothesis, I modified an existing model of UK woodland (parameterised for Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire) to take into account the impact of ADB, and allowed offspring to inherit resistance traits from their parent. The results suggest that ash populations would still exist in 100 years but at lower levels than they are currently. For example, when the initial proportion of resistant individuals is about 10% and heritability of resistance is 0.5, then the population of ash falls to about one third of present levels. The proportion of individuals initially resistant to ADB had a larger effect on population size after 100 years than the heritability of resistance. The fact that the initial size of the resistant population is important to achieving a high population size in the presence of ADB suggests that a selective breeding programme with the intention of augmenting the natural ash populations would be beneficial.
Infected Leaves Synthetic Dataset - Ash Tree Dieback
<p>A dataset of synthetic ash tree leaves with accompanying labels for leaves of infection level: Healthy, low level and mid level. The images and labels are already split into train and test sets. The synthetic leaves are placed on a set of real background images of ash tree leaves and branches to approximate an appropriate background. </p>
Data from: Will natural resistance result in populations of ash trees remaining in British woodlands after a century of ash dieback disease?
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Figure 7 from: Pourmoghaddam MJ, Lambert C, Surup F, Khodaparast SA, Krisai-Greilhuber I, Voglmayr H, Stadler M (2020) Discovery of a new species of the Hypoxylon rubiginosum complex from Iran and antagonistic activities of Hypoxylon spp. against the Ash Dieback pathogen, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, in dual culture. MycoKeys 66: 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.66.50946
Figure 7 Illustration of antagonist test by dual culture technique of Hypoxlon spp. and Hymenoscyphus fraxineus on barley-malt agar in 9-cm diam. plates A dual culture of H. rubiginosum (MUCL 47152) against Hym. fraxineus (STMA 18166) after 1 wk of incubation B dual culture of H. rubiginosum (MUCL 47152) against Hym. fraxineus (STMA 18166) after 2 wk of incubation C dual culture of H. rubiginosum (MUCL 47152) against Hym. fraxineus (STMA 18166) after 3 wk of incubation D dual culture of H. rubiginosum (MUCL 47152) against Hym. fraxineus (STMA 18166) after 4 wk of incubation E–H (Hypoxylon aff. rubiginosumMUCL 57724) against Hym. fraxineus after 1, 2, 3, 4 wk I–LH. texense (DSM 107933) against Hym. fraxineus after 1, 2, 3, 4 wk M–PH. guilanense (MUCL 57726) against Hym. fraxineus after 1, 2, 3, 4 wk.
Figure 4 from: Pourmoghaddam MJ, Lambert C, Surup F, Khodaparast SA, Krisai-Greilhuber I, Voglmayr H, Stadler M (2020) Discovery of a new species of the Hypoxylon rubiginosum complex from Iran and antagonistic activities of Hypoxylon spp. against the Ash Dieback pathogen, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, in dual culture. MycoKeys 66: 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.66.50946
Figure 4 Hypoxylon aff. rubiginosum (GUM 1587) A, B stromatal habit C close-up view of stromatal surface, with stromatal pigments in 10% KOHD stroma in section showing perithecia and ostioles E mature and immature asci in water F ascus in water G ascus in Melzer's reagent H ascus tip in Melzer's reagent I ascospores in 10% KOH with dehiscent perispore J ascospore in water, with germ-slit K ascospore under SEM. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C); 0.5 mm (D); 20 µm (E–G); 10 µm (H–J); 2 µm (K).
Figure 11 from: Pourmoghaddam MJ, Lambert C, Surup F, Khodaparast SA, Krisai-Greilhuber I, Voglmayr H, Stadler M (2020) Discovery of a new species of the Hypoxylon rubiginosum complex from Iran and antagonistic activities of Hypoxylon spp. against the Ash Dieback pathogen, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, in dual culture. MycoKeys 66: 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.66.50946
Figure 11 HPLC-UV chromatograms at 210 nm from mono cultural barley-malt agar extracts of MUCL 47152 (H. rubiginosum), STMA 18166 (Hym. fraxineus), STMA 13090 (H. fuscum) and one dual culture experiment thereof. UV/Vis spectra are shown for phomopsidin (5), 10-hydroxyphomopsidin (6), orthosporin (9), daldinone B (10), 1,8-dimethoxynaphthalene (11), daldinin F (12), 5–methylmellein (13), viridiol (14) and an unidentifiable compound (UC 6) after comparison of data with internal databases. The UV signal of UC 6 was enhanced in the dual culture extract.
Figure 6 from: Pourmoghaddam MJ, Lambert C, Surup F, Khodaparast SA, Krisai-Greilhuber I, Voglmayr H, Stadler M (2020) Discovery of a new species of the Hypoxylon rubiginosum complex from Iran and antagonistic activities of Hypoxylon spp. against the Ash Dieback pathogen, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, in dual culture. MycoKeys 66: 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.66.50946
Figure 6 Hypoxylon aff. rubiginosum (GUM 1588) A stromatal habit B close-up view of stromatal surface, with stromatal pigments in 10% KOHC section of stroma showing perithecia and ostioles D ascus in Melzer's reagent E ascospores in 10% KOH with dehiscent perispore. Scale bars: 2.5 mm (A); 0.5 mm (B, C); 20 µm (D); 10 µm (E).
Figure 5 from: Pourmoghaddam MJ, Lambert C, Surup F, Khodaparast SA, Krisai-Greilhuber I, Voglmayr H, Stadler M (2020) Discovery of a new species of the Hypoxylon rubiginosum complex from Iran and antagonistic activities of Hypoxylon spp. against the Ash Dieback pathogen, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, in dual culture. MycoKeys 66: 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.66.50946
Figure 5 Culture and anamorphic structures of Hypoxylon aff. rubiginosum (GUM 1587) on OAA, B surface of colony after 1 and 8 wk of incubation (respectively, left to right) C–G general view of anamorph structure with virgariella-like branching patterns H, I conidiogenous cells and immature conidia J mature conidia. Scale bars: 20 µm (C–G); 10 µm (H–J).
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