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60 results for “avian Hosts”
Energy input, habitat heterogeneity, and host specificity on avian haemosporidian diversity at continental scales
<p>The correct identification of biotic and abiotic drivers affecting parasite diversity and assemblage composition at different spatial scales is crucial for understanding how pathogen distribution responds to anthropogenic disturbance and climate change. Here, we used a database of avian haemosporidian parasites to identify such drivers and their effect on the taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of genera Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, and Leucocytozoon from three zoogeographic regions. We explored how parasite diversity is related to energy input (i.e., temperature, precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration [PET]), to habitat heterogeneity (i.e., climatic seasonality, vegetation density, ecosystem heterogeneity, human disturbance, and host richness), and to a novel assemblage-level metric related to parasite niche overlap (degree of generalism). We found that the relative importance of the predictors differed between the three studied parasite genera and across diversity metrics. Among the most consistent predictors, host richness was positively related to the taxonomic diversity of the three genera. Energy input and human footprint explained the phylogenetic diversity of Haemoproteus. Finally, the degree of generalism explained the diversity of Plasmodium and Leucocytozoon. Our results suggest that different dimensions of haemosporidian diversity are shaped by energy input, host heterogeneity, and assembly processes related to parasite resource use within local parasite assemblages.</p>
Fig. 4 in Molecular characterization of Babesia peircei and Babesia ugwidiensis provides insight into the evolution and host specificity of avian piroplasmids
Fig. 4. Geographic distribution of the phylogenetic groups of avian piroplasmids (based on the 18S rRNA gene). Map prepared based on information provided in Criado et al. (2006), Yabsley et al. (2006, 2009), Jefferies et al. (2008), Paparini et al. (2014), Quillfeldt et al. (2014), Martínez et al. (2015), Montero et al. (2016) and Chavatte et al. (2017).
Fig. 2 in Molecular characterization of Babesia peircei and Babesia ugwidiensis provides insight into the evolution and host specificity of avian piroplasmids
Fig. 2. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of the ITS-1 (445 bp) and ITS-2 regions sequences (290 bp) of select avian-infecting Babesia lineages. Sequences identified in this study are emphasized in red, and those of other avian-infecting lineages are shown in blue. For each sequence, the following information is provided: morphospecies (individual identification or Genbank code) host species. Branch lengths are drawn proportionally to evolutionary distance (scale bar shown corresponds to both trees). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 3 in Molecular characterization of Babesia peircei and Babesia ugwidiensis provides insight into the evolution and host specificity of avian piroplasmids
Fig. 3. Distribution of the phylogenetic groups of avian piroplasmids (based on the 18S rRNA gene) in relation to the phylogeny of avian orders (based on multiple nuclear genes). Avian orders investigated in this study are shown in red, and other avian orders known to host piroplasmids are shown in blue. Avian phylogeny was adapted from Yuri et al. (2013). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 1 in Molecular characterization of Babesia peircei and Babesia ugwidiensis provides insight into the evolution and host specificity of avian piroplasmids
Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of the 18S rRNA gene sequences (1450 bp) of the studied Babesia lineages. Sequences obtained in this study are emphasized in red, and those of other avian-infecting lineages are shown in blue. For each sequence, the following information is provided: morphospecies (individual identification or GenBank code) host species. For avian-infecting lineages, the host order is indicated with colored circles (see legend). Branch lengths are drawn proportionally to evolutionary distance. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Individual variation in the avian gut microbiota: The influence of host state and environmental heterogeneity
<div class="abstract-group metis-abstract"> <div class="article-section__content en main"> <p>The gut microbiota have important consequences for host biological processes and there is some evidence that they also affect fitness. However, the complex, interactive nature of ecological factors that influence the gut microbiota has scarcely been investigated in natural populations. We sampled the gut microbiota of wild great tits (<em>Parus major</em>) at different life stages allowing us to evaluate how microbiota varied with respect to a diverse range of key ecological factors of two broad types: (1) host state, namely age and sex, and the life history variables, timing of breeding, fecundity and reproductive success; and (2) the environment, including habitat type, the distance of the nest to the woodland edge, and the general nest and woodland site environments. The gut microbiota varied with life history and the environment in many ways that were largely dependent on age. Nestlings were far more sensitive to environmental variation than adults, pointing to a high degree of flexibility at an important time in development. As nestlings developed their microbiota from one to two weeks of life, they retained consistent (i.e., repeatable) among-individual differences. However these apparent individual differences were driven entirely by the effect of sharing the same nest. Our findings point to important early windows during development in which the gut microbiota are most sensitive to a variety of environmental drivers at multiple scales, and suggest reproductive timing, and hence potentially parental quality or food availability, are linked with the microbiota. Identifying and explicating the various ecological sources that shape an individual's gut bacteria is of vital importance for understanding the gut microbiota's role in animal fitness.</p> </div> </div> <div class="pb-dropzone"> </div>
Individual variation in the avian gut microbiota: The influence of host state and environmental heterogeneity
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Energy input, habitat heterogeneity, and host specificity drive avian haemosporidian diversity at continental scales
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Network specificity decreases community stability and competition among avian haemosporidian parasites and their hosts
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Viral zoonotic risk is homogenous among taxonomic orders of mammalian and avian reservoir hosts
<p>Data and code for the paper "Viral zoonotic risk is homogenous among taxonomic orders of mammalian and avian reservoir hosts".</p>
Endocrine regulation of egg rejection in an avian brood parasite host
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Parasite-host coevolution can lead to novel behavioural adaptations in hosts to resist parasitism. In avian obligate brood parasite and host systems, many hosts species have evolved diverse cognitive and behavioural traits to recognize and reject parasitic eggs. Our understanding of the evolution and ecology of these defences hinges on our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate them. We hypothesized that corticosterone, a hormone linked to the stress-response, vigilance, and the suppression of parental behaviour, stimulates the rejection of foreign eggs by brood parasite hosts. We experimentally reduced circulating glucocorticoid levels with mitotane injections in American robins <i>Turdus migratorius</i> and found that the mitotane-treated birds rejected foreign eggs at a lower frequency compared to the sham-treated subjects. This is the first study to causally identify a potential mechanism of a widespread defence behaviour, and it is consistent with egg rejection being mediated by stress physiology.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Haemoparasite Infection Risk in Multi-Host Avian System: An Integrated Analysis
<p><strong>Data used in the study: Haemoparasite Infection Risk in Multi-Host Avian System: An Integrated Analysis</strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>Podmokła et al. 2024_data.csv</strong> - This file contains the processed data used in the analysis.</li> <li><strong>Podmokła et al. 2024_raw data_landscape and population variables.csv</strong> - This file includes raw data on landscape and population variables. <ul> <li><strong>Population Metrics</strong>: Density of the same species and all species combined in the study area.</li> <li><strong>Landscape Variables</strong>: High-resolution satellite remote-sensing data reflecting vegetation cover (NDVI), moisture levels (NDMI), and distances to key landscape features such as forest edges, coastlines, pastures, and fields.<br><br></li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Podmokła et al. 2024_raw data_parasites.csv</strong> - This file contains raw data on <em>Haemoproteus</em>, <em>Plasmodium</em>, and <em>Trypanosoma</em> infection status</li> </ul>
Host phylogeny and elevation predict infection by avian haemosporidians in a diverse New Guinean bird community (R script for analyses, figures, and supplemental figures )
<p>This script performs the glmm analysis of the elevation and infection prevalence data as well as the script required to generate the figures in the article.</p>
Data for: Environmentally-driven escalation of host egg-rejection decimates success of an avian brood parasite
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Endocrine regulation of egg rejection in an avian brood parasite host
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Experimental evidence of a consistent commensal relationship between avian hosts and feather mites of differing host specificities
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Data from: Host responses to foreign eggs across the avian visual color space
Despite extensive research on the sensory and cognitive processes of host rejection of avian brood parasites' eggs, the underlying perceptual and cognitive mechanisms are not sufficiently understood. Historically, most studies of host egg discrimination assumed that hosts rejected a parasite's egg from their nest based on the total perceived color differences between the parasite's egg and their own. A recent study used a continuous range of parasitic egg colors and discovered that hosts were more likely to reject browner parasitic eggs than parasitic eggs that were more blue-green, even when their absolute perceived color differences from the hosts' own egg colors were similar. However, the extent of these color biases within the avian perceivable color space remains unclear. Therefore, we built upon this previous study by testing European blackbirds' (Turdus merula) responses to model eggs spanning an unprecedented volume of the avian color space. We found that host decisions depended on avian perceived hue, saturation, and luminance of the parasite's egg; hosts generally accepted eggs that were bluer or more blue-green, and more often rejected eggs that were less saturated or darker. We suggest that future studies investigate the underlying mechanism of foreign egg discrimination in other host lineages to determine the prevalence and phylogenetic conservation of such perceptual biases among birds.
Data from: New host and lineage diversity of avian haemosporidia in the Northern Andes
The northern Andes, with their steep elevational and climate gradients, are home to an exceptional diversity of flora and fauna, particularly rich in avian species that have adapted to divergent ecological conditions. With this diversity comes the opportunity for parasites to exploit a wide breadth of avian hosts. However, little research has focused on examining the patterns of prevalence and lineage diversity of avian parasites in the Andes. Here, we screened a total of 428 birds from 19 species (representing nine families) and identified 133 infections of avian haemosporidia (31%), including lineages of Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, and Leucocytozoon. We document a higher prevalence of haemosporidia at higher elevations and lower temperatures, as well as an overall high diversity of lineages in the northern Andes, including the first sequences of haemosporidians reported in hummingbirds (31 sequences found in 11 species within the family Trochilidae). Double infections were distinguished using PHASE, which enables the separation of distinct parasite lineages. Results suggest that the ecological heterogeneity of the northern Andes that has given rise to a rich diversity of avian hosts may also be particularly conducive to parasite diversification and specialization.
Data from: Sex-biased avian host use by arbovirus vectors
Prevalence of arthropod-borne parasites often differs drastically between host sexes. This sex-related disparity may be related to physiological (primarily hormonal) differences that facilitate or suppress replication of the pathogen in host tissues. Alternately, differences in pathogen prevalence between host sexes may be owing to differential exposure to infected vectors. Here, we report on the use of PCR-based assays recognizing bird sex chromosomes to investigate sex-related patterns of avian host use from field-collected female mosquitoes from Florida, USA. Mosquitoes took more bloodmeals from male birds (64.0% of 308 sexed samples) than female birds (36.0%), deviating significantly from a hypothetical 1:1 sex ratio. In addition, male-biased host use was consistent across mosquito species (Culex erraticus (64.4%); Culex nigripalpus (61.0%) and Culiseta melanura (64.9%)). Our findings support the hypothesis that sex-biased exposure to vector-borne pathogens contributes to disparities in parasite/pathogen prevalence between the sexes. While few studies have yet to investigate sex-biased host use by mosquitoes, the methods used here could be applied to a variety of mosquito-borne disease systems, including those that affect health of humans, domestic animals and wildlife. Understanding the mechanisms that drive sex-based disparities in host use may lead to novel strategies for interrupting pathogen/parasite transmission.
Data from: The evolution of clutch size in hosts of avian brood parasites
Coevolution with avian brood parasites shapes a range of traits in their hosts, including morphology, behavior, and breeding systems. Here we explore whether brood parasitism is also associated with the evolution of host clutch size. Several studies have proposed that hosts of highly virulent parasites could decrease the costs of parasitism by evolving a smaller clutch size, because hosts with smaller clutches will lose fewer progeny when their clutch is parasitized. We describe a model of the evolution of clutch size, which challenges this logic and shows instead that an increase in clutch size (or no change) should evolve in hosts. We test this prediction using a broad-scale comparative analysis to ask whether there are differences in clutch size within hosts and between hosts and nonhosts. Consistent with our model, this analysis revealed that host species do not have smaller clutches and that hosts that incur larger costs from raising a parasite lay larger clutches. We suggest that brood parasitism might be an influential factor in clutch-size evolution and could potentially select for the evolution of larger clutches in host species.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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