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24 results for “avoidance learning”
Avoiding high frequency thermoacoustic instabilities in cyrogenic rocket engines using Bayesian deep learning
<p>Destructive high-frequency thermoacoustic instabilities have afflicted liquid propellant rocket engine development for decades. The 90 MW cryogenic liquid oxygen/hydrogen multi-injector research combustor BKD operated by DLR Lampoldshausen is a platform that allows their study under realistic conditions. In this study, we use data from BKD experimental campaigns where the static chamber pressure and reactor-oxidizer ratio were varied such that the first tangential mode of the combustor is excited under some conditions. We train a Bayesian neural network to predict the occurence probability of thermoacoustic instabilities 500 ms in the future, given the power spectra of the most recent 300 ms sample of the dynamic pressure data and mass flowrate control signals as input. The Bayesian nature of our algorithms allow us to work in this "small data" setting where the size of our dataset is restricted by the effort and expense associated with each experimental run, without making overconfident extrapolations. We find that the network is able to accurately forecast the occurence probability of instabilities on unseen experimental runs. We envision that these algorithms will eventually be used online by rocket engine controllers to avoid regions of thermoacoustic instabilities.</p> <p> </p>
What is learned in approach-avoidance tasks? On the scope and generalizability of approach-avoidance effects
<p>Previous research has shown that approaching a stimulus makes it more positive, while avoiding a stimulus makes it more negative. The present research demonstrates that approach-avoidance behaviors have the potential to charge stimulus attributes such as color with evaluative meaning. This evaluation carries over to other stimuli with that feature. We address the latter point by assessing the influence of colors that were approached or avoided on the perceived attractiveness of persons wearing those colors. We show that wearing a certain color makes people appear more attractive when this color is associated with approach rather than avoidance. In line with a self-perception account of these effects, we obtained approach-avoidance effects on stimulus attributes only when participants carried out approach-avoidance behaviors towards these colors or imagined doing so. This set of experiments adds to the evaluative learning literature by demonstrating approach-avoidance effects on stimulus attributes and that these effects carry over to new classes of stimuli and new tasks. Moreover, we systematically investigated boundary conditions for these effects. Finally, with this research we introduce an ontogenetic perspective to research into colors and their influence on psychological functioning.</p>
Figure 19. Feeding Phidippus from southern Greenville County, South Carolina. 1, Penultimate female P in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)
Figure 19. Feeding Phidippus from southern Greenville County, South Carolina. 1, Penultimate female P. audax with two leafhoppers. This spider held one leafhopper as it jumped and captured the second. 2, Adult female P. audax fedding on a large brachyceran fly. 3, Adult female P. princeps feeding on spider. 4, Adult female P. princeps feeding on a captured bug after wiping it against the surface. Each scale bar = 1.0 mm.
Figure 20 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)
Figure 20. SEM of chemosensory setae (spondylae) associated with the pretarsus or foot of an adult male Phidippus audax from Iowa City, Iowa. 1-3, Ventral views of the distal end of right leg I at three levels of magnification. 2, A group of spondylae (inset) originates between the anterior and posterior plates of flattened tenent setae. 3, Detail showing the conical tip (arrows) at the end of three spondylae. These are surrounded by flattened tenent setae bearing, ventrally, regular rows of bifid filaments that adhere to a smooth surface. Each spondyla bears an open sensory pore at the apex of the cone.
Figure 4 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)
Figure 4. Two female Phidippus texanus (sisters) reared from the same brood sac found in Lea County, New Mexico, in August of 1978 (on mesquite 21 miles W of Jal on SR 128). Half of the females in this brood had the typical texanus form with cream to white scales on a black background (1), and the other half had a similar dorsal pattern with the coloration of the related P. ardens, with rust-red scales covering much of the dorsal opisthosoma. Edwards (2004) placed P. ardens and P. texanus in the borealis clade of the purpuratus group within Phidippus, but kept the species separate in part because of their parapatric ranges. However, he did report both species from Lea County, New Mexico where this brood sac was found, and both live on mesquite. These are very large Phidippus, with females averaging 13-15 mm in body length.
Figure 3 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)
Figure 3. Two views of an adult female Phidippus princeps captured in an old field in Ithaca, Tompkins County, New York (1978). In this area female P. princeps were tan in color, often with abundant white or cream-colored facial scales as shown here. At least as juveniles, they build their nests and hunt on herbaceous plants in old field habitats. They are common in eastern North America, from Minnesota southeast to northwestern South Carolina and northern Georgia. Further to the southeast, they are replaced by the closely related P. pulcherrimus Keyserling 1885, also an inhabitant of old fields (Edwards 2004). Note the distinctive 'hair' tufts on the carapace, a characteristic of most Phidippus jumping spiders.
Figure 2 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)
Figure 2. Two adult female Phidippus audax captured in an old field in Ithaca, Tompkins County, New York (1978). Many local varieties of P. audax do not have the broad lateral band of opisthosomal scales shown here. P. audax appears to be a generalist with respect to habitat and it is widely distributed across much of North America, with many recent sightings in the far west. It can frequently be found living on herbaceous plants in old fields, but I have also found it near water, woodland margins, on trees, on fence posts, and even nesting on the ground under rocks.
Figure 18 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)
Figure 18. Oncopeltus fasciatus aggregating on Asclepias leaves and seed pods in southern Greenville County, South Carolina. These insects pierce seed pods to feed on seeds. 1, Pair of immatures resting on top of an Asclepias leaf. 2, Two adults feeding on seed pod. 3, Aggregation of mating adult pairs. 4, Lateral view of adult showing long stylus. 5, Dorsal view of adult.
Figure 14 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)
Figure 14. Recovery of tendency to attack by adult female Phidippus audax. Each spider was placed in a clean Petri dish with one adult Oncopeltus reared on Asclepias reared. After an initial attack (t=0), the behavior of 40 spiders (numbered at left) was charted through either the third sequential attack, or until 15 minutes had elapsed, whatever came first. Turns to face the bugs are shown as green circles, and attacks (jump and contact) are shown as red circles.
Figure 6 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)
Figure 6. Violent reaction of an adult female Phidippus princeps to fluids associated with an adult Oncopeltus fasciatus. 1, This spider first bit the bug on its head but held its legs and pedipalps far away from the prey. 2, Moments later, the spider dropped the fatally-bitten bug, and began to wipe its mouthparts against the surface, leaving a trail of fluid behind (fluid cannot be seen in these photographs).
Intricate covariation between exploration and avoidance learning in a generalist predator
<div class="page"> <div class="section"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <p>Many predators avoid unprofitable prey by learning to use visual features of the prey as reliable indicators of quality. However, individual variation in avoidance learning is rarely examined in detail. It has been hypothesized that better avoidance learning ability might correlate with faster exploration tendency, but available data are limited in both quantity and scope. In this study, we examined the covariation between exploration, foraging decisions, and avoidance learning in a generalist lizard <em>Eutropis multifasciata</em> to test the prediction that faster explorers are also better avoidance learners. We also examined how sex, population, and color of unpalatable prey might mediate the exploration-avoidance learning covariation. We collected data on exploration and foraging behavior in individuals from two allopatric populations and quantified changes in foraging decisions over five daily learning trials, in which individuals were presented with normal- and bitter-tasting prey that differed consistently in color. Even though bitter prey elicited strong negative responses, lizards overall did not avoid consuming fewer such prey with learning. Instead, they learned to prioritize palatable prey as the experiment progressed. In concordance with our prediction, we found that faster explorers were generally better avoidance learners, even though sex, population, and prey color were also important. Our study represents a rare experimental test of the exploration-avoidance learning covariation, especially in non-avian systems. Our results suggest that unpalatability might be an ineffective defense against generalist predators such as <em>E. multifasciata</em> and that faster explorers might impose stronger selection for the evolution of warning signals in unprofitable prey.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>
Intricate covariation between exploration and avoidance learning in a generalist predator
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Differential learning by native versus invasive predators to avoid distasteful cleaning mutualists
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Figure 7 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)
Figure 7. Predation on an Oncopeltus fasciatus reared solely on sunflower
Data associated with the publication 'Population-level coding of avoidance learning in medial prefrontal cortex' by Benjamin Ehret et al.
<p>This repository contains data for the following publication:</p> <p>Population-level coding of avoidance learning in medial prefrontal cortex</p> <p>Ehret B., Boehringer R., Amadei E. A., Cervera M. R., Henning C., Galgali A., Mante V., Grewe, B. F.</p> <p>Nature Neuroscience 2024</p> <p> </p> <p>The associated analysis code is published here:</p> <p>https://github.com/behret/paper_code_active_avoidance</p> <p> </p> <p>This repository contains 1) source data to reproduce all figures and 2) processed data to reproduce most analyses. </p> <p>A small subset requires access to the raw data, which is too extensive to be published online. However, raw data can be made available upon request.</p>
Threat-Avoidance Learning in Anxiety Patients
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02336802. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
The Neurocircuitry of Relief During Avoidance Learning in Patients With Obsessive-compulsive Disorder
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04685018. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 4.
The data of ~160 worms during odor avoidance behavior before or after learning
<p>The Excel files contain x and y positions (mm), the odor concentration at the position (micro-M) and the behavioral states (Run or Pirouette) of ~160 Caenorhabditis elegansin naive (before learning) or preexposed (after learning) conditionduring 121-720 s of the odor avoidance assay. </p>
Data from: Learned parasite avoidance is driven by host personality and resistance to infection in a fish–trematode interaction
Cognitive abilities related to the assessment of risk improve survival. While earlier studies have examined the ability of animals to learn to avoid predators, learned parasite avoidance has received little interest. In a series of behavioural trials with the trematode parasite Diplostomum pseudospathaceum, we asked whether sea trout (Salmo trutta trutta) hosts show associative learning in the context of parasitism and if so, whether learning capacity is related to the likelihood of infection mediated through host personality and resistance. We show that animals are capable of learning to avoid visual cues associated with the presence of parasites. However, avoidance behaviour ceased after the likely activation of host resistance following consecutive exposures during learning, suggesting that resistance to infection outweighs avoidance. Further, we found a positive relationship between learning ability and boldness, suggesting a compensation of risky lifestyles through increased investment in cognitive abilities. By contrast, an increased risk of infection due to low resistance was not balanced by learning ability. Instead, these traits were positively related, which may be explained by inherent physiological qualities controlling both traits. Overall, the results demonstrate that parasitism, in addition to other biological interactions such as predation, is an important selective factor in the evolution of animal cognition.
Data from: Learned parasite avoidance is driven by host personality and resistance to infection in a fish–trematode interaction
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