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11 results for “axial column”
Figure 4 in Development and evolution of regionalization within the avian axial column
Figure 4. Images and associated schematic diagrams of cleared and stained axial skeletons of chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) embryos from developmental stages 34 to 36. A, stage 34 (day 8 of incubation) right lateral view. B, stage 34 right lateral schematic. C, stage 34 posterior schematic. D, stage 35 (days 8–9 of incubation) right lateral view. E, stage 35 right lateral schematic. F, stage 35 posterior schematic. G, stage 36 (day 10 of incubation) right lateral view. H, stage 35 right lateral schematic. I, stage 35 posterior schematic. Blue is cartilage and dark purple represents ossified tissue within the images. Light grey is cartilage and black represents ossified tissue in the diagrams. Scale bar, 1 cm.
Figure 7 in Development and evolution of regionalization within the avian axial column
Figure 7. Images and associated schematic diagrams of cleared and stained axial skeletons of chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) embryos from developmental stages 43 to 45. A, stage 43 (day 17 of incubation) right lateral view. B, stage 43 right lateral schematic. C, stage 43 posterior schematic. D, stage 44 (day 18 of incubation) right lateral view. E, stage 44 right lateral schematic. F, stage 44 posterior schematic. G, stage 45 (day 19–20 of incubation) right lateral view. H, stage 45 right lateral schematic. I, stage 45 posterior schematic. Blue is cartilage and dark purple represents ossified tissue. Light grey is cartilage and black represents ossified tissue in the diagrams. Scale bar, 1 cm.
Figure 8 in Development and evolution of regionalization within the avian axial column
Figure 8. Schematic of ossification and fusion sequence of the developing chicken axial column. Shading indicates degree of ossification of all scored anatomies within each vertebral segment, given in Supporting Information, Table S1. Fusions between adjacent vertebrae are indicated with black outlines. Note that the lumbosacrals begin fusions from two regions that remain separate until stage 42.
Figure 2 in Development and evolution of regionalization within the avian axial column
Figure 2. Images and associated schematic diagrams of cleared and stained axial skeletons of chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) embryos from developmental stages 28 to 30. A, stage 28 (day 5½ of incubation) right lateral view. B, stage 28 right lateral schematic. C, stage 28 posterior schematic. D, stage 29 (day 6 of incubation) right lateral view. E, stage 29 right lateral schematic. F, stage 29 posterior schematic. G, stage 30 (day 6½ of incubation) right lateral view. H, stage 30 right lateral schematic. I, stage 30 posterior schematic. Blue is cartilage and dark purple represents ossified tissue within the images. Light grey is cartilage and black represents ossified tissue within the diagrams. Scale bar, 1 cm.
Figure 1 in Development and evolution of regionalization within the avian axial column
Figure 1. Simplified vertebrate phylogeny with selected published Hox expression boundaries within the somitic mesoderm. Axial skeletons are drawn in dorsal view, except for zebrafish drawn in left lateral view. Anterior–posterior Hox expression boundaries are represented by coloured bars. Fusions within the axial column are represented by black shading. Zebrafish expression patterns are reported by Morin-Kensicki et al. (2002), whiptail lizard by Woltering et al. (2009), alligator by Mansfield & Abzhanov (2010) and chicken and mouse by Burke et al. (1995).
Figure 5 in Development and evolution of regionalization within the avian axial column
Figure 5. Images and associated schematic diagrams of cleared and stained axial skeletons of chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) embryos from developmental stages 37 to 39. A, stage 37 (day 11 of incubation) right lateral view. B, stage 37 right lateral schematic. C, stage 37 posterior schematic. D, stage 38 (day 12 of incubation) right lateral view. E, stage 38 right lateral schematic. F, stage 38 posterior schematic. G, stage 39 (day 13 of incubation) right lateral view. H, stage 39 right lateral schematic. I, stage 39 posterior schematic. Blue is cartilage and dark purple represents ossified tissue. Light grey is cartilage and black represents ossified tissue in the diagrams. Scale bar, 1 cm.
Data from: The evolution of the dicynodont sacrum: constraint and innovation in the synapsid axial column
Constraint is a universal feature of morphological evolution. The vertebral column of synapsids (mammals and their close relatives) is a classic example of this phenotypic restriction, with greatly reduced variation in the number of vertebrae compared to the sauropsid lineage. Synapsids generally possess only three sacral vertebrae, which articulate with the ilium and play a key role in locomotion. Dicynodont anomodonts are the exception to this rule, possessing seven or more sacral vertebrae while reaching a range of body sizes rivaled among synapsids only by therian mammals. Here we explore the evolution of this unusual sacral morphology in dicynodonts by 1) hypothesizing homologies of the additional sacral vertebrae, 2) using ancestral state reconstruction and phylogenetic regressions (e.g., logistic regression, Poisson regression) to track the coevolution of sacral count and body size, and 3) proposing mechanisms by which additional sacral vertebrae were incorporated during dicynodont evolution. We find that sacral vertebra morphology covaries with sacral count in consistent ways across dicynodonts, implying that sacra with a given number of vertebrae are composed of homologous elements. There is a correlation between increased sacral count and larger body size, especially at the shift from four to five sacrals near the origin of Bidentalia. Based on position, morphology, and the consistent number of presacral vertebrae among dicynodonts, we hypothesize that the additional sacrals anterior to the plesiomorphic three are duplications of the first sacral, and that a single caudosacral was incorporated by a shift in the identity of the anteriormost caudal vertebra. Although changes in sacral count appear to be correlated with shifts in body size in dicynodonts, the evolution of general morphological conservativism in the synapsid sacrum remains to be further explored.
Data from: The evolution of the dicynodont sacrum: constraint and innovation in the synapsid axial column
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Figure 3 in Development and evolution of regionalization within the avian axial column
Figure 3. Images and associated schematic diagrams of cleared and stained axial skeletons of chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) embryos from developmental stages 31 to 33. A, stage 31 (day 7 of incubation) right lateral view. B, stage 31 right lateral schematic. C, stage 31 posterior schematic. D, stage 32 (day 7½ of incubation) right lateral view. E, stage 32 right lateral schematic. F, stage 32 posterior schematic. G, stage 33 (day 7½–8 of incubation) right lateral view. H, stage 33 right lateral schematic. I, stage 33 posterior schematic. Blue is cartilage and dark purple represents ossified tissue within the images. Light grey is cartilage and black represents ossified tissue in the diagrams. Scale bar, 1 cm.
Figure 9 in Development and evolution of regionalization within the avian axial column
Figure 9. Plot of the number of vertebral units throughout chicken development and avialan evolution. As individual vertebrae fuse throughout ontogeny, the number of segments within the axial columns decreases. Starting with 45 individual segments at stage 28, adult chickens have a total of only 23 segments. Avialan evolution is plotted as a phylogeny with representative taxa plotted with their respective vertebral units. Included taxa are Mi, Microraptor; Ar, Archeopteryx; Je, Jeholornis; Co, Sa, Sapeornis; Lo, Longipteryx; Pa, Parapengornis; Or, Orienantius; Pr, Protopteryx; Pi, Piscivoravis; Ap, Apsaravis; He, Hesperornis; Ba. Baptornis; Ca, Calciavis; Dr, Dromaius. Silhouettes for Microraptor and Archaeopteryx are from Dececchi & Larsson (2013), Piscivoravis from www.phylopic.org, and Longipteryx and Hesperornis are new.
Figure 6 in Development and evolution of regionalization within the avian axial column
Figure 6. Images and associated schematic diagrams of cleared and stained axial skeletons of chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) embryos from developmental stages 40 to 42. A, stage 40 (day 14 of incubation) right lateral view. B, stage 40 right lateral schematic. C, stage 40 posterior schematic. D, stage 41 (day 15 of incubation) right lateral view. E, stage 41 right lateral schematic. F, stage 41 posterior schematic. G, stage 42 (day 16 of incubation) right lateral view. H, stage 42 right lateral schematic. I, stage 42 posterior schematic. Blue is cartilage and dark purple represents ossified tissue. Light grey is cartilage and black represents ossified tissue in the diagrams. Scale bar, 1 cm.
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