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18 results for “bee decline”
Rare and declining bee species are key to consistent pollination of wildflowers and crops across large spatial scales
<p>Biodiversity promotes ecosystem function in experiments, but it remains uncertain how biodiversity loss affects function in larger-scale natural ecosystems, where rare and declining species which are likely to be lost and function needs to be maintained across space and time. Here we explore the importance of rare and declining bee species to the pollination of three wildflowers and three crops using large-scale (72 sites across 5,000 km2), multi-year datasets. Half (82/164) bee species were rare or declining, but these species provided ~15% of overall pollination. To determine the number of species important to ecosystem function, we used two methods of 'scaling up', both of which have previously been used for biodiversity-function analysis. First, we summed bee species' contributions to pollination across space and time and then found the minimum set of species needed to provide a threshold level of function across all sites; according to this method, effectively no rare and declining bee species were important to pollination. Second, we account for the "insurance value" of biodiversity by finding the minimum set of bee species needed to simultaneously provide a threshold level of function at each site in each year. The second method leads to the conclusion that 25 rare and eight declining bee species (36% and 53% of all rare and declining bee species, respectively) are important. Our findings provide some of the strongest evidence yet for the importance of rare and declining species, thereby providing a more direct link between real-world biodiversity loss and ecosystem function.</p>
Linked collectors and determiners for: Patterns of widespread decline in North American bumble bees.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Patterns of widespread decline in North American bumble bees". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/8c04889e-a0ad-4f39-8623-06aa9cf0131d">https://bionomia.net/dataset/8c04889e-a0ad-4f39-8623-06aa9cf0131d</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/8c04889e-a0ad-4f39-8623-06aa9cf0131d">https://gbif.org/dataset/8c04889e-a0ad-4f39-8623-06aa9cf0131d</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Rare and declining bee species are key to consistent pollination of wildflowers and crops across large spatial scales
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Data from: Wild bee abundance declines with urban warming, regardless of floral density
<p>As cities expand, conservation of beneficial insects is essential to maintaining robust urban ecosystem services such as pollination. Urban warming alters insect physiology, fitness, and abundance, but the effect of urban warming on pollinator communities has not been investigated. We sampled bees at 18 sites encompassing an urban warming mosaic within Raleigh, NC, USA. We quantified habitat variables at all sites by measuring air temperature, percent impervious surface (on local and landscape scales), floral density, and floral diversity. We tested the hypothesis that urban bee community structure depends on temperature. We also conducted model selection to determine whether temperature was among the most important predictors of urban bee community structure. Finally, we asked whether bee responses to temperature or impervious surface depended on bee functional traits. Bee abundance declined by about 41% per °C urban warming, and temperature was among the best predictors of bee abundance and community composition. Local impervious surface and floral density were also important predictors of bee abundance, although only large bees appeared to benefit from high floral density. Bee species richness increased with floral density regardless of bee size, and bee responses to urban habitat variables were independent of other life-history traits. Although we document benefits of high floral density, simply adding flowers to otherwise hot, impervious sites is unlikely to restore the entire urban pollinator community since floral resources benefit large bees more than small bees.</p>
Declining floral color diversity shifts bee color preferences in fragmented habitats
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Data from: Wild bee abundance declines with urban warming, regardless of floral density
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Data from: A test of the invasive pathogen hypothesis of bumble bee decline in North America
Emergent fungal diseases are critical factors in global biodiversity declines. The fungal pathogen Nosema bombi was recently found to be widespread in declining species of North American bumble bees (Bombus), with circumstantial evidence suggesting an exotic introduction from Europe. This interpretation has been hampered by a lack of knowledge of global genetic variation, geographic origin, and changing prevalence patterns of N. bombi in declining North American populations. Thus, the temporal and spatial emergence of N. bombi and its potential role in bumble bee decline remain speculative. We analyze Nosema prevalence and genetic variation in the United States and Europe from 1980, before an alleged introduction in the early 1990s, to 2011, extracting Nosema DNA from Bombus natural history collection specimens from across this time period. Nosema bombi prevalence increased significantly from low detectable frequency in the 1980s to significantly higher frequency in the mid- to late-1990s, corresponding to a period of reported massive infectious outbreak of N. bombi in commercial bumble bee rearing stocks in North America. Despite the increased frequency, we find no conclusive evidence of an exotic N. bombi origin based on genetic analysis of global Nosema populations; the widespread Nosema strain found currently in declining United States bumble bees was present in the United States before commercial colony trade. Notably, the US N. bombi is not detectably different from that found predominantly throughout Western Europe, with both regions characterized by low genetic diversity compared with high levels of diversity found in Asia, where commercial bee breeding activities are low or nonexistent.
Data from: Sensitivity of commercial pumpkin yield to potential decline among different groups of pollinating bees
The yield of animal-pollinated crops is threatened by bee declines, but its precise sensitivity is poorly known. We therefore determined the yield dependence of Hokkaido pumpkin in Germany on insect pollination by quantifying: (i) the relationship between pollen receipt and fruit set and (ii) the cumulative pollen deposition of each pollinator group. We found that approximately 2500 pollen grains per flower were needed to maximize fruit set. At the measured rates of flower visitation, we estimated that bumblebees (21 visits/flower lifetime, 864 grains/visit) or honeybees (123 visits, 260 grains) could individually achieve maximum crop yield, whereas halictid bees are ineffective (11 visits, 16 grains). The pollinator fauna was capable of delivering 20 times the necessary amount of pollen. We therefore estimate that pumpkin yield was not pollination-limited in our study region and that it is currently fairly resilient to single declines of honeybees or wild bumblebees.
Crop visitation by wild bees declines over an 8‐year time series: A dramatic trend, or just dramatic between‐year variation?
<p>Despite widespread recognition of the need for long-term monitoring of pollinator abundances and pollination service provision, such studies are exceedingly rare.</p> <p>In this study, we assess changes in bee visitation and net capture rates at watermelon crop flowers at 19 farms in the mid-Atlantic region of the USA from 2005 to 201</p> <p>Over the eight years, we found a 58% decline in wild bee visitation to crop flowers, but no significant change in honeybee visitation rate. Most types of wild bees showed similar declines in both the visitation and the net capture data; bumblebees however declined by 56% in the visitation data but showed no change in net capture rates.</p> <p>While we detected large and significant declines in wild bees when using GLMM models, permutation analyses that account for non-directional variation in abundance were non-significant, demonstrating the challenge of identifying and describing trends in highly variable populations.</p> <p>As far as we are aware, this paper represents one of fewer than 10 published time series (defined as >5 years of data) studies of changes in bee abundance, and one of only two such studies conducted in an agricultural setting. More such studies are needed in order to understand the magnitude of bee decline and its ramifications for crop pollination.</p>
Data from: Revisiting comparisons of genetic diversity in stable and declining species: assessing genome-wide polymorphism in North American bumble bees using RAD sequencing
Genetic variation is of key importance for a species' evolutionary potential, and its estimation is a major component of conservation studies. New DNA sequencing technologies have enabled the analysis of large portions of the genome in nonmodel species, promising highly accurate estimates of such population genetic parameters. Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) is used to analyse thousands of variants in the bumble bee species Bombus impatiens, which is common, and Bombus pensylvanicus, which is in decline. Previous microsatellite-based analyses have shown that gene diversity is lower in the declining B. pensylvanicus than in B. impatiens. RADseq nucleotide diversities appear much more similar in the two species. Both species exhibit allele frequencies consistent with historical population expansions. Differences in diversity observed at microsatellites thus do not appear to have arisen from long-term differences in population size and are either recent in origin or may result from mutational processes. Additional research is needed to explain these discrepancies and to investigate the best ways to integrate next-generation sequencing data and more traditional molecular markers in studies of genetic diversity.
Data from: Revisiting comparisons of genetic diversity in stable and declining species: assessing genome-wide polymorphism in North American bumble bees using RAD sequencing
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Data from: A test of the invasive pathogen hypothesis of bumble bee decline in North America
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Data from: Intraspecific variation in worker body size makes North American bumble bees (Bombus spp.) less susceptible to decline
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Data from: Sensitivity of commercial pumpkin yield to potential decline among different groups of pollinating bees
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Crop visitation by wild bees declines over an 8‐year time series: A dramatic trend, or just dramatic between‐year variation?
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Data from: Assessing species richness trends: declines of bees and bumblebees in the Netherlands since 1945.
Estimating and predicting temporal trends in species richness is of general importance, but notably difficult because detection probabilities of species are imperfect and many datasets were collected in an opportunistic manner. We need to improve our capabilities to assess richness trends using datasets collected in unstandardized procedures with potential collection bias. Two methods are proposed and applied to estimate richness change, which both incorporate models for sampling effects and detection probability: (1) non-linear species accumulation curves with an error variance model and (2) Pradel capture-recapture models. The methods are used to assess nationwide temporal trends (1945-2018) in the species richness of wild bees in the Netherlands. Previously, a decelerating decline in wild bee species richness was inferred for part of this dataset. Among the species accumulation curves, those with non-constant changes in species richness are preferred. However, when analysing data subsets, constant changes became selected for non-Bombus bees (for samples in collections) and bumblebees (for spatial grid cells sampled in three periods). Smaller richness declines are predicted for non-Bombus bees than bumblebees. However, when relative losses are calculated from confidence intervals limits, they overlap and touch zero loss. Capture-recapture analysis applied to species encounter histories infers a constant colonization rate per year and constant local species survival for bumblebees and other bees. This approach predicts a 6% reduction in non-Bombus species richness from 1945 to 2018 and a significant 19% reduction for bumblebees. Statistical modelling to detect species richness time trends should be systematically complemented with model checking and simulations to interpret the results. Data inspection, assessing model selection bias and comparisons of trends in data subsets were essential model checking strategies in this analysis. Opportunistic data will not satisfy the assumptions of most models and this should be kept in mind throughout.
Data for: Long-term surveys support declines in early-season forest plants used by bumble bees
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Data from: Assessing species richness trends: declines of bees and bumblebees in the Netherlands since 1945.
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